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한국 혹은 동아시아 자본주의에 대한 몇 가지 외부적 시각에 관하여

A Critique of ‘External’ Perspectives on South Korean or East Asian Capitalism

장대업
사회과학연구원 (Research Institute of Social Science)|2018.02|마르크스주의 연구 (MARXISM 21)|제15권 제1호|pp. 202-247|DOI 10.26587/marx.15.1.201802.006

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오리엔탈리즘동아시아개발국가동아시아의 부활조화로운지역발전비자본주의적 시장경제노동의 대륙
주제분류사회과학일반

초록

이 논문은 한국자본주의 발전에 대한 해석에 지대한 영향력을 행사해왔던 동아시아 자본주의 발전에 대한 고전적, 현대적 이론화를 비판적으로 검토함으로써 한국의 발전 경험에 대한 이해가 세계적으로 어떻게 프레임되어 왔는지를 살펴본다. 동아시아가 더 이상 세계자본주의의 변방으로 여겨지지 않게 되면서 당연히 동아시아 내외부에서 동아시아의 자본주의적 발전에 대한 이해 또한 변화하고 있다. 동아시아 발전에 대한 전통적인 분석은 동아시아 사회가 결여한 자본주의와의 친화력에초점을 맞추었고 20세기 동아시아의 발전에 대한 해석은 동아시아 국가들이 서구의 자본주의적 발전을 잘 모방할 수 있었던 배경과 조건에 초점을 맞춰온 것이 사실이다. 반대로 동아시아 지역의 부활에 관한 최근의 문헌은 동아시아를 세계 자본주의 역사의 일부로 되돌려놓고 동아시아가 보여주는 발전의 현재적 역동성을 인정한다. 하지만 이러한 분석들은 동아시아 자본주의를 세계적 신자유주의에 대립시키고 한국과 동아시아의 발전과정이 증폭시켜왔던 자본주의적 모순들에 종종 무비판적인 태도를 보이며 동아시아의 자본주의적 발전이 가지는 대안적 성격을 신화화하는 오류를 범한다. 이 논문은 동아시아 자본주의가 현존하는 신자유주의적 세계자본주의에 대해 제공하는 대안은 빠른 경제 성장, 강력한 국가의 존재, 조화로운 지역분업이나 유교적 전통이 아닌 지구적 자본주의의 폭력성에 맞서 민주적이고 인간적인 발전 가능성을 끊임없이 제기해온 ‘노동의 대륙’으로서의 동아시아로부터 찾아야 하며 그렇게 하는 것이 동아시아 자본주의 이해의 출발점이라고 주장한다.

Abstract

This paper examines how the understanding of South Korea’s development experience has been framed globally by critically examining the classical and modern theorisations of East Asian capitalist development. As East Asia is no longer regarded as a peripheral part of global capitalism, the understanding of its capitalist development within and outside the region is rapidly changing as well. The traditional analysis of East Asian development focused on the affinity with capitalism that was supposed to be absent from East Asian societies. The 20th century highlighted some conditions by which East Asian countries could imitate the experience of capitalist development in the West. In contrast, the recent literature on the resurgence of East Asia recognises the present internal dynamics of its development as it sets East Asia within the history of global capitalism. These analyses, however, often contrast East Asian capitalism with global neoliberalism, turning a blind eye to the capitalist contradictions that have amplified during its fast development and thereby erroneously presenting East Asia as an alternative model. This paper argues that the alternatives East Asia can offer to global neoliberalism have to be sought for not in the rapid economic growth, strong nation state, harmonious regional division of labour or Confucian tradition but in the possibility of democratic development against the violence of global capitalism, which East Asia as a “continent of labour” has been persistently proposing throughout its history, and recognising this is the starting point for understanding East Asian capitalism.

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