러시아 혁명에서 농업 문제: 물질적 공동체에서 생산주의, 그리고 퇴행으로
The Agrarian Question in the Russian Revolution: From Material Community to Productivism, and Back
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
이 논문은 1905년 혁명과 1917년 혁명 과정 및 그 이후 러시아 농민 공동체의역사를 추적한다. 러시아의 모든 마르크스주의 당파들은 프랑스 혁명 모델에 대한집착 때문에, 제2 인터내셔널 마르크스주의 때문에 그 중요성을 깨닫지 못했다. 그들은 프랑스 모델을 따라 농민들이 토지의 개인 소유를 추구할 것이라고 예상했다. 레닌의 첫 번째 주요 저작 『러시아에서 자본주의의 발전(1899)』은 이 공동체를 “차르체제의 법률적 잔재(Tsarist legal relic)”로 보고 많이 언급하지 않았다. 1905년 이후차르 체제는 실제로 마르크스주의자들보다 농민 공동체의 중요성을 더 잘 이해했다. 차르 체제는 농민 공동체가 농촌에서 저항의 중심이라는 사실을 깨닫고 농민들이 토지의 사적 소유를 위해 공동체에서 벗어날 것을 장려하는 조치를 취했다. 1917 년 혁명 이후 농민 공동체들은 1920년대 들어 스탈린의 “집산화” 정책에 의해 파괴될 때까지 러시아 영토의 98%를 차지하고 있었다.
Abstract
This article traces the history of the Russian peasant commune, before, during and after the revolutions of 1905 and 1917. All the Marxist factions in Russia were blinded to its importance, both by their fixation of the model of the French Revolution and by Second International Marxism. They expected, following the French model, that the peasants would seek individual ownership of land. Lenin’s first important book, The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), mentions the commune only a few times as a “Tsarist legal relic”. After 1905, the Tsarist regime itself actually understood the importance of the commune better than the Marxists, realized it was the backbone of peasant resistance in the countryside, and took measures encouraging peasants to leave it for private ownership of land. After the 1917 revolution, 98% of Russian territory was occupied by communes, until they were destroyed by Stalin’s “collectivization” at the end of the 1920’s.
참고문헌 (49)
- Anderson, Kevin, "Marx at the Margins: On Nationalism, Ethnicity, and non-Western Societies" (2010), University of Chicago Press
- Anderson, Perry, "Lineages of the Absolutist State" (1974), New Left Books
- Atkinson, Dorothy, "The End of the Russian Land Commune, 1905~1930" (1983), Stanford University Press
- Balabanoff, Angelica, "My Life as a Rebel" (1968), Green wood Press
- Baynac, Jacques, "Les socialistes-révolutionnaires, de mars 1881 à mars 1917, Vol. 1" (1979), R. Laffont
- Bernstein, Irving, "The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920-1933" (1960), Houghton Mifflin
- Bettelheim, Charles, "Les luttes de classes en urss. Vol. 1. Première Période" (1974), Maspero
- Bordiga, Amadeo, "Russie et revolution dans la theorie marxiste" (1975), Spartacus
- Brady, Robert Alexander, "The Rationalization Movement in German Industry: A Study in the Evolution of Economic Planning" (1933), University of California Press
- Cohen, Stephen F., "Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888-1938" (1973), Alfred A. Knopf
- Crisenoy, Chantal de, "Lenine face aux moujiks" (1978), Seuil
- Daum, Walter, "The Life and Death of Stalinism: A Resurrection of Marxist Theory" (1990), Socialist Voice Publishing Co
- Davis, Mike, "Planet of Slums" (2006), Verso
- Deutscher, Isaac, "The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921" (1980), Oxford University Press
- Dosman, Edgar J., "The Life and Times of Raúl Prebisch, 1901-1986" (2008), McGill-Queen’s University Press
- Erlich, Alexander, "The Soviet Industrialization Debate, 1924-1928" (1960), Harvard University Press
- Gerschenkron, Alexande, "Bread and Democracy in Germany" (1943), University of California Press
- "On the Non-Formation of a Working-Class Political Party in the United States, 1900-1945" (1983)[URL]
- "Communism is the Material Human Community: Amadeo Bordiga To-day" (1991)[URL]
- "Max Eastman: One American Radical’s View of the “Bolshevization” of the American Revolutionary Movement and a Forgotten, and Unforgettable, Portrait of Trotsky" (2006)[URL]
- Goldner, Loren, "‘Socialism in One Country’Before Stalin, and the Origins of Reactionary ‘Anti-Imperialism’: The Case of Turkey, 1917-1925", Critique, 38(4), pp.631~661 (2010)
- Grog, Dieter, "Negative Intergration und revolutionärer Attentismus: die deutsche Sozialdemokratie am Varaben des Ersten Weltkrieges" (1973), Ullstein Buch
- Ingerflom, Claudio Segio, "Le citoyen impossible: les racines russes du léninisme" (1988), Editions Payot
- "The Historical Moment that Produced Us: Global Revolution or Recomposition of Capital" (2010)[URL]
- James, C. L. R., "Facing Reality" (1974), Bewick
- Italian Communist Left, "Bilan d’une revolution", Programme Communiste, 40(2) (1960)
- Kingston-Mann, Esther, "Lenin and the Problem of Marxist Peasant Revolution" (1983), Oxford University Press
- Krader, Lawrence, "The Asiatic Mode of Production: Sources, Development, and Critique in the Writings of Karl Marx" (1975), Von Gorcum
- Von Laue, Theodore H., "Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia" (1963), Columbia University Press
- Lenin, V. I., "Complete Works. Vol. 45" (1960), Foreign Languages Publishing House
- Lenin, V. I., "One Step Forwards, Two Steps Back(The Crisis in Our Party), in Lenin 1960-1970. Vol. 7" (1960)
- Lewin, Moshe, "Lenin’s Last Struggle" (1968), Pantheon
- Lih, Lars T., "Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context" (2006), Brill
- Van der Linden, Marcel, "Western Marxism and the Soviet Union: A Survey of Critical Theories and Debates since 1917" (2007), Brill
- Marot, John Eric, "The October Revolution in Prospect and Retrospect: Interventions in Russian and Soviet History" (2012), Brill
- Marx, Karl, "The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx" (1972), Van Gorcum
- Marx, Karl, "Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy" (1973), Vintage
- Marx, Karl, "Die Geschichte der Geheimdiplomatie des 18. Jahrhunderts: über den asiatischen Ursprung de russischen Despotie" (1978), Olle & Wolter
- "The 1918 Treat of Brest-Litovsk: Curbing the Revolution"[URL]
- Schorske, Carl, "German Social Democracy, 1905-1917: The Development of the Great Schism" (1955), Cambridge University Press
- Shanin, Teodor, "Late Marx and the Russian Road: Marx and the ‘Peripheries of Capitalism’" (1983), Routledge
- Shanin, Teodor, "The Roots of Otherness, Vol. 2, Russia 1905-07: Revolution as a Moment of Truth" (1986), Yale University Press
- Sternberg, Fritz, "Der Niedergang des deutschen Kapitalismus" (1932), Rowohlt
- Ticktin, Hillel, "Towards a Political Economy of the ussr", Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory, 1(1), pp.20~41 (1973)
- "The Permanent Revolution" (1931)[URL]
- Trotsky, Leon, "The Trotsky Papers, 1917-1922. Vol. 2" (1964), Mouton
- Valentinov, Nikolay, "Encounters with Lenin, translated by Paul Rosta and Brian Pearce" (1968), Oxford University Press
- Venturi, Franco, "Roots of Revolution: a History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth Century Russia" (1960), Knopf
- White, James D., "Karl Marx and the Origins of Dialectical Materialism" (1996), Martin’s Press