비교자본주의 시각에서 본 아시아의 발전국가: 한국의 경험을 중심으로
Developmental State in Asia from a Comparative Perspective: The Case of South Korea
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이 연구는 아시아 국가들의 자본축적의 성공 신화를 가져온 발전국가의 역사적 궤적을 살펴보면서 그것이 한국, 일본, 대만, 중국 등에서 해체되고 있는지, 지속되고 있는지, 혁신되고 있는지를 살펴보고 있다. 세계화의 도전에서 불구하고 국가의 자심적 발전능력이 중요하다는 사실에서 지난날 발전국가의 자본축적 과정에서의 가능성과 한계를 주로 박정희 정권 아래의 한국의 경험에 입각하여 다루고 있다. 작금의 포스트 발전국가의 성격을 적확히 파악하기 위해서는 아시아 국가들의 발전국가의 특징을 적확히 이해할 필요가 있기 때문이다. 1997년 아시아 국가들의 외환위기는 그 배후에 정경유착을 기반으로 한 발전국가의 모순이 자리 잡고 있다는 점에서 비판의 대상이 되었으나, 2008년 세계적 경제위기아래 유독 아시아 국가들 중, 특히 한국, 중국, 대만, 일본 등이 신속하게 위기극복에 효율적이었다는 점에서 발전국가론은 다시금 주목의 대상이 되었다. 물론 발전국가라고 해서 모두 자본축적 과정에서 효율적이라고 할 수 없듯이 국가의 역할은 필요조건일뿐 충분조건은 아니라 할 수 있다. 필자는 발전국가란 어느 국가이건 간에 내부적인 경로의존과 외부적인 환경요인에 따라 연속성과 변화가 있지만 결코 쉽게 폐기되는 것이 아니라는 맥락에서 발전주의적 신자유주의의 등장을 지적할 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper looks at historical trajectories of developmental states including South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and China often famed for their capital accumulation to examine if their success stories are being continued, curtailed or regenerated. With the knowledge that developmental capacities that are self-centered are important in spite of challenges from globalization, South Korea’s prospects and limits to capital accumulation as a developmental state are outlined by its experiences under the Park Chung-hee regime. It is critical to outline the characteristics of Asian developmental states to further the understanding of today’s post-development states. With the onset of the 1997 financial crisis, Asian states have been criticized for having displayed the ironic nature of developmental states rooted in collusive ties between politics and business. However, Asian developmental states including South Korea, China, Taiwan and Japan were noticed in another light when they displayed efficient recovery from the global financial crisis in 2008. As it cannot be assumed that all developmental states are efficient in capital accumulation, role of government becomes a necessary condition and not a sufficient condition for these states. This paper contends that all developmental states are characterized by continuity and changes caused by internal path dependencies and external global economic conditions but discontinuity in their states is rare and developmental neoliberalism can be discussed in such context.
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