미얀마 군부의 이중적 지배: 전체주의와 권위주의 사이에서
Dual Ruling Behavior of Myanmar's Military Junta: Between Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism
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이 연구의 목적은 1988년 이후 재집권한 군부의 지배 행태와 그 기반을 분석하는 것이다. 군부는 네윈(Ne Win) 체제의 경제적 실패를 목격하고 집권했기 때문에 개방을 통한 시장경제체제를 도입하는 등 이전 체제와 차별화되는 과도정부로서의 위상을 천명하였다. 또한 과거 군부권위주의 정권처럼 전적으로 무력에만 의지하여 사회를 장악하려 시도하지 않는다. 대신 군부가 후원하는 전위대 성격의 시민사회를 조직하여 대중동원을 시도하며, 미얀마 역사 속에서 군부의 구미에 맞는 사실들을 재조직하여 이를 본보기로 삼아 국민통합과 민족주의를 조장하고 있다. 즉 군부는 사회적 장악의 폭이 넓은 독재를 수립하고 정권의 항구화를 위해 대중에 대한 폭력적 진압보다는 대중의 정신세계를 통제하여 비민주적 정권에 대한 가치판단을 흐리게 하고자 ‘미얀마적인 요소’를 발굴하고 교육하는 것이다. 이를 미얀마화(myanmarfication)라고 한다.그렇지만 군부정권이 가지고 있는 가장 큰 특징인 근대화된 무기의 소유도 집권에는 중요한 기반으로 작용한다. 즉 반체제 인사들에 대한 국민적 지지가 줄어들지 않을 경우, 또는 군부가 주도하는 대중동원에 반대할 경우 무력적 공세를 늦추지 않는다. 결국 미얀마 군부 정권은 전체주의와 권위주의의 경계를 넘나들며 체제를 유지하고 있다. 이는 군부의 정치권력 행사와 대중동원의 조직방식, 동원화 과정을 분석함으로써 뒷받침 될 수 있다.
Abstract
This study is to analyze ruling behavior and its base of the Myanmar's military junta which took over the political power in 1988 again. Present military government which introduced market oriented economic system clarified it a caretaker government distinguishing from former Ne Win regime. In addition, she is never willing to try to penetrate into the society depending on military force which had done by a traditional military authoritarian regime. Instead, she tries to mobilize the mass through organizing the civil society sponsored by the regime, and promotes a national unity and a nationalism which is reinvented and chosen by her in the ancient history in Myanmar. In other words, military junta prefers controlling mental culture of the mass to using violence in order to find and educate the 'myanmarian factors' not only to loom a value judgement toward non democratic regime but to perpetuity the regime through establishing a social broadly penetrated dictatorship. One of the major factors of the military regime is possession of the modernized weapons and she never give up use them. She may use them to people whenever witnesses a national support to anti-government figures and opponents in mass mobilization driven by military regime. As a result, military regime in Myanmar is keeping her ruling pace haunting the boundary totalitarianism and authoritarianism. This fact is supported by analyzing how to use political power of the regime, manner of organization of the mass mobilization, and its mobilization process.
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