미얀마 군부 정권의 대중동원 메커니즘
Mass mobilization under military rule in Myanmar
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이 연구는 권위주의 정권은 대중 지지가 필요한가라는 물음에서 시작한다. 권위주의 정권은 통치 정당성을 확보하기 위해 대중적 지지기반이 필요하다고 가정한다. 권위주의 정권 역시 그들의 통치 정당성 확보를 위해 대중 지지기반을 확보하려고 노력을 하는데, 특히, 권위주의 통치자들은 그들의 제도적 기반을 수립하는 데 있어 대중동원이 필요하다. 이는 곧 친정부조직 형성과 동원으로 이어지게 된다. 이에 따라 이 연구는 권위주의 정부의 대중동원이 어떤 형태와 목적으로 이뤄지는지 또 어떻게 권위주의 정권의 권력 강화에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 저자는 이 연구에서 미얀마의 군부 권위주의 정권의 대중동원 사례에 집중하여 국가가 주도하는 정치 폭력의 또 다른 양상을 보고자 한다. 이 연구는 1988년 이후 미얀마에서 군사정권이 대규모로 동원된 사례에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 지난 60년간의 군사 통치 기간 동안 일반 대중을 동원해 지지 세력의 존재를 과시하고 민주화 운동 인사를 포함한 반군부정권 지지자들에게 폭력을 가한 사례는 어렵지 않게 찾아볼 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 미얀마 군부 정권의 일상적 대중동원 메커니즘에 주목하는데, 특히 군부 정권의 어용단체인 연방단결발전위원회(Union Solidarity and Development Association, USDA)에 주목한다. 군사정권은 1993년에 설립된 정부 후원 조직인 USDA를 통해 대중 동원력을 달성했다고 볼 수 있다. 설립함으로써 동원력을 달성했다. 규율 민주주의(Discipline-flourishing democracy)로의 체제 전환을 위해 대중동원 역량이 필요했던 것이다. 실제로 신헌법 제정을 위한 전국대회 소집, 반전복법, 민주화 7단계 로드맵 등 정권의 정책을 지지하는 주제로 전국에서 여러 차례 친정부 대중집회를 열었다. 이후 USDA는 헌법 제정 과정에 대표로 합류했다. 나아가 2010년 총선을 앞두고 후원단체에서 정당인 USDP(Union Solidarity and Development Party)로 탈바꿈했고 이런 의미에서 군부정권에 의한 대규모 동원은 탈권위주의 사회에서 땃마도에게 안정적 환경을 제공하는데 기여했다.
Abstract
The research questions do authoritarian regimes need popular supports? In this research, I contend that an authoritarian regime would not achieve its designed goals without popular and partisan support for authoritarian rulers' institutional agendas as political institutions undergird its rule. The study suggests that not only can political parties and interest groups contribute to an authoritarian's mobilising capacity, but also a distinctive type of organisation can strengthen this capacity. I theorise that the necessary supports from the mass would come either from mass-formed organisations or political parties. The study focuses on the case of mass mobilisation by the military regime in Myanmar since 1988. The military regime achieved its mobilisation capacity by establishing a government-sponsored organisation, the Union Solidarity and Development Association, formed in 1993. The formation and mobilisation have been geared toward accomplishing the regime's transition plan to disciplined-flourishing democracy. Indeed, it held several pro-government mass rallies across the country under the theme of supporting the regime's policies, such as convening the National Convention for writing a new constitution, anti-subversion law, and seven steps roadmap to democracy. Later, the members of the association joined as the representatives for the constitution-writing process. Furthermore, the organisation transformed itself from a patron organisation into a political party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP), before the 2010 general election. The party achieved most seats in the new parliament in 2011 and influenced major political decision-making processes in the legislature. The mass mobilisation by the military regime has provided a safe environment in the post-authoritarian society.
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