군부 권위주의 체제와 민주화: 미얀마의 민주화 과정과 민주주의 후퇴 현상을 중심으로
The Dynamics of Authoritarian-led Democratization and Democratic Backsliding: Institutional Strength of Military Rule in Myanmar
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이 연구는 민간 정부로 권력 이양 이후 민주화 프로세스가 진행 중이던 미얀마의 정치·사회적 동학에 관한 연구다. 더불 어 2021년 2월 땃마도(미얀마 군대)가 쿠데타를 일으켜 정권을 재획득할 수 있었던 동인과 그 근원적인 영향력의 원천에 대한 고찰이다. 이를 위해 첫째, 1962년 군부 정권 수립 이후 약 60여 년이 넘는 기간 동안 정권을 잡았던 군부 통치의 특 징에 대해 이해한다. 둘째, 군부 주도의 민주화 과정을 어떻게 권위주의 주도의 민주화(authoritarian-led democratization) 개념으로 이해할 수 있는지, 즉 군부 정권의 민주화에 대해 분석하고자 한다. 셋째, 군부 통치의 특징과 군부 주도의 민주 화에 대한 논의를 토대로 최근 군부 쿠데타를 바라본다. 필자는 미얀마의 민주화를 군부 정권이 주도한 민주화 과정이라 고 가정하며, 후기 권위주의 체제하에 군부 정권은 정치 제도적(political institutions) 장치를 통해 영향력을 행사하고 있었 기에 쿠데타가 성공할 수 있었다고 주장한다. 2008년도 헌법은 군부 주도 민주화의 바탕을 이루고 있는데, 군인들의 국회 의석 보장(25%), 땃마도 총사령관의 국군 통수권 보장 및 주요 3개 부처(국방부, 내무부, 국경부) 장관의 임명권 보장 등 군부는 직접 통치에서 물러난 이후에도 정치, 사회적 영향력을 행사할 수 있는 제도적 장치를 마련해 놓았다. 하지만, NLD 정부 출범 이후 헌법 개정 시도를 통해 땃마도의 영향력을 축소하고 헌법의 문민화를 시도했다. 2021년 쿠데타는 이러한 정치·사회적 동학 속에서 표면적으로는 2020년 총선 과정에서 부정 선거 의혹이 있었다는 이유로, 실제적으로는 땃마도 의 정치적 영향력 약화에 대한 위기의식에서 발생한 것으로 해석된다. 역설적으로 군부 주도 민주화 과정의 기틀을 제공한 2008년도 헌법은 쿠데타를 정당화하는 수단으로 사용되었다. 필자는 현재 진행형인 쿠데타에 대한 함의점으로 새 정치 제도적 장치의 등장이 향후 쿠데타 정국에서 관건이 될 것이라 제안한다. 최근의 군사 쿠데타로 인해 군부 정권으로 회귀 한 미얀마의 사례는 권위주의적 유산이 뿌리 깊게 자리 잡고 있는 한, 향후의 민주화 과정 역시 과거 권위주의적 행태로부 터 위협받을 수 있다는 점을 보여 주는 사례다.
Abstract
The research explores the contemporary democratization and current democratic backsliding in Myanmar. Since the establishment of the National League for Democracy (NLD) and the government led by Aung San Suu Kyi in 2015, the democratization process has swung back and forth. The paper explains the institutional strength of the outgoing military regime in order to understand the fluctuation of political development and the recent military coup in Myanmar. The research assumes that democratization in Myanmar has been led by a military regime, and suggests that the coup was successful because the military regime exerted influence using the political institutions under the post-authoritarian state. The 2008 Constitution forms the basis for military-led democratization, and guarantees the presence of soldiers in the legislature and the exercise of administrative authority. The supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces is not the President. Furthermore, three major Ministers, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Internal Affairs, and Ministry of Border, are appointed by the commander-in-chief of the Tatmadaw. The Constitution serves as the reference for the recent military coup. On the day of the coup, the Tatmadaw declared a state of emergency and took power based on Article 417 and Article 418 of the Constitution. The strength of the military regime has presented ambiguity in the direction of the political regime transition. By studying the Constitution-making from 1993 to 2008, the paper suggests that the military regime in Myanmar was democratized when it was safe during the post-authoritarian state. Based on the 2008 constitution, the general elections resulted in a relatively successful transition to a civilian government. However, as the Constitution also specifies, the Tatmadaw possesses significant prerogatives over civilian rule, and poses continuous threats to consolidate a democratized process.
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