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체제 전환과 정치발전의 사이에서: 미얀마의 결손민주주의와 정치발전의 과제

Between Regime Change and Political Development: Myanmar’s Defective Democracy and the Task for the Political Development

장준영
한국동남아학회|2018.11|동남아시아연구 (The Southeast Asian Review)|제28권 제4호|pp. 161-196|DOI 10.21652/kaseas.28.4.201811.161

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Myanmar미얀마군부TatmadawAung San Suu Kyi결손민주주의착근민주주의국민민주주의연합(NLD)아웅산 수찌defective democracyembedded democracyNational League for Democracy(NLD)
주제분류지역학

초록

이 글의 목적은 미얀마 민간정부의 정치발전 양상을 결손민주주의 개념에서 분석하고, 정치발전을 지체 또는 정체시킨 주체들과 주체들 간의 상관관계를 규명하는 것이다. 나아가 이 글에서는 현재와 같은 정치구도와 행태를 돌파하 여 긍정적인 정치발전을 위해 요구되는 과제를 제시하고자 한다. 2016년 민간 정부가 출범했으나 권력 행사와 의사결정구조에 있어서 정부의 행동 양식은 군부 권위주의의 행태를 탈피하지 못함으로써 긍정적인 정치발전의 성과를 달성하지못했다. 정부차원에서특정인물1인이모든권력을장악하고각권 력기관에 대한 수평적 책임을 지지 않으므로 위임민주주의와 후견민주주의가 강화된다. 국방과 치안에서 지분을 장악한 군부는 버마족 중심의 배타적 민주 주의와 군부가 제정한 비민주적 헌법을 수호하며 비자유적 민주주의를 추구 한다. 결손민주주의가 나타나는 근본적인 원인은 장기간 군부통치로 인해 민 주적 제도를 운영할 집단의 부재, 민간에 의한 군부통제라는 민간우위의 원칙 을 지킬 수 없는 권력구도의 한계로 요약된다. 따라서 미얀마 정치발전의 과제 는 군부의 병영 복귀와 권위주의적 질서에 길들여진 민간정부의 권력구도와 정치행태를 민주적으로 전환하는 것이다.

Abstract

The major object of this study is to analyze the political development of Myanmar's civilian government on the concept of defective democracy, and to investigate the main actors who delayed or stymied political development and their interrelation. In doing so, this study suggests the tasks required for political development overcoming the current political structure and behavior. The civilian government, which was launched in 2016, failed to achieve positive political development by following the behavior of military authoritarianism in terms of exercise of power and decision making structure. On the perspective of the government, delegative democracy and domain democracy have been strengthening since one person has taken over all political power and hesitate to take horizontal accountability for each power organizations. The military, which is responsible for national defence and security seeks illiberal democracy and exclusive democracy, keeping on an undemocratic constitution by the military and Burman ethnocentrism. The reasons why defective democracy has been occurred are that the lack of a group to run a democratic institutions and the limitation of power structure that fails to adhere to the principle of civilian control to the military due to long-term military rule. Therefore, there is a need for military's come back to barracks and transform the power structure to democratic of the civilian government which is tamed an authoritarian order for the political development in Myanmar. In order to achieve this, this study concludes that setting up a empowered democratic government is required.

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