영제국 외무부 내 영사의 정치･행정적 입지 분석, 1782-1865―1825년 영사법(Consular Advances Act) 제정 전후를 중심으로―
Analysis of Consular Political and Administrative Position in the British Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1782-1865
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영사의 소속은 역사적으로 추적해보면 특이하다. 처음에는 왕실 소속이다가 언젠가부터는 외무부 소속이 되었다. 본 글은 영국 외무부 내 영사의 소속 변화를 분석하였다. 연구 내용은 구체적으로 1825년 영사법(Consular Advances Act) 제정 전･후로 외무부의 성립 및 발전과정과 영사의 관계가 어떠한지, 자국 내의 영사의 정치･행정적 입지가 어떠한 변화를 겪고 있는지에 초점을 두고 있다. 1825년 영사법 제정 전에는 왕과 의회의 복합적 이해관계와 그에 따른 외무부의 불안정한 정체성 속에서 영사도 덩달아 발목이 잡혀 자신의 정치･행정적 입지를 세우지 못했다. 1825년 영사법 제정 이후를 살펴보면, 영제국 외교의 중심에 서있던 파머스턴의 활약으로 인해 외무부도 성숙기에 도달할 뿐 아니라 영사도 외무부에서 통제하는 영사봉급체제(1825년 영사법의 주목표)의 절차에 따라 1865년을 기점으로 안정기에 들어선 것이 확인된다. 사실 제정 이후 1850년대에 대외적 악재로 1825년 영사법의 주된 의미인 봉급 제도가 무너질 뻔 했었다. 하지만 파머스턴이 주도하던 외무부가 영사봉급의 지불 방식에서 융통성을 보여 봉급지불체계만큼은 흔들림 없이 지켜냈다. 그러므로 파머스턴이 역사의 뒤안길로 사라진 1865년 기점으로 보면 영사의 외무부 내 정치 행정적 입지는 분명 뚜렷해지고 안정기에 든 것이 확인된다.
Abstract
The consular body was on the authority of King to start with, but it was, around for some time, under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Despite the change is an interesting theme, I found, it was poorly prepared for a research. In this paper, therefore, I examine it into the historical trace of British consular body under the British Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Especially, it is reason why the British consular body has been chosen for this research that the British Ministry of Foreign Affairs formed on 1782 as the first independent institute for foreign affairs in Europe. The context of paper is, during the period of before and after the enact of Consular Advances Act of 1825, focused to the relations between Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the consular body, and a consular Political and Administrative Position. In the paper, according to the period of before enact of Consular Advances Act of 1825, it is proved that a consul could not set on his political and administrative position because of unstable identity of Ministry of Foreign Affairs through complex interest of King and Parliament. However, according to the period of after the enact of Consular Advances Act, it is proved that consular body also settled down under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 1865 because the activity of Ministry of Foreign Affairs settled down in domestic political surroundings. (Sir. Palmerston who served as foreign minister and prime minister for 25 years endeavored to upbuild the Consular Advances Act of 1825. He died in 1865.)However, on investigation, I found a problem and a solution in the process for consular settlement during the period of 1825-1865: (Problem) the payment system for the consular body managed under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the outcome of Consular Advances Act of 1825 would be come close to disappears by unfavorable foreign factor in 1850s. Unfavorable foreign factor means a worsening balance of trade which made through the Russo-British Rivalry in Levant region and dubious diplomatic attitude of Chinese Government; (Solution) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs ultimately protected the payment system for the consular body through flexibility of paying way. Therefore, I can finally mention that a British consul set up his political and administrative Position in domestic political surroundings around 1860s.
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