영제국 외무부 내 영사의 지위, 1855-1914
Consular Status in the British Foreign Office, 1855-1914
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1855~1914년 사이 영외무부는 경제 분야뿐 아니라 정치분야도 원활히 다룰 수 있는 ‘멀티형 영사’가 필요하였다. 본 글은 이 시기 영사들의 외무부내 지위(地位)가 어떠한지를 분석한 것이다. 결과는 추정하던 생각과 현실 사이에 차이가 있음을 확인했다. 그리고 그 차이의 중심에는 몇몇의 문제점이 있었지만 채용문제가 가장 부각됨을 연구를 통해 발견할 수 있었다. 시험 제도는 능력과 재능 있는 자를 객관성 있게 채용하는데 유용하다. 분석에 의하면, 1902년 이전에는 시험제보다 주관성이 가미된 추천제로 영사를 채용하는 기준을 고수하다 보니 ‘멀티형 영사’의 가능성 있는 인물들을 채용하는데 한계가 있었다. 1902년엔 월런드위원회가 이런 추천제대신 시험제로만 영사를 뽑으면서 이 문제가 해결된 듯 보였다. 동시에 외무부내에서 영사들의 지위도 향상된 듯 보였다. 그러나 1912-14년 사이에 외무부가 추천제의 한 모습인 구두시험을 필기시험과 병용하는 방식으로 시험제도를 변경하였다. 이유는 영제국의 붕괴위기와 맞물려 충성하는 영사가 추천될 필요가 있었기 때문이다. 결국 1914년까지도 외무부 내에서의 영사들의 지위는 여전히 불안정했음을 분석을 통해 알 수 있었다.
Abstract
Between 1855 and 1914, the consuls of the British Foreign Office were required to perform various tasks ranging from economics to politics. This article reviews the consuls’ status in the British Foreign Office during that period. The findings confirm that there is a gap between the projected hypothesis and the reality. The gap presented a couple of problems of its own in terms of methodology but the biggest problem was the hiring process for the consuls. Standard examination system can be useful in selecting persons with certain abilities. Prior to 1902, recommendation was the main form of selecting people and it was limited in that it was not an efficient way to choose abilities. This problem seemed to be resolved in 1902, when the Wolrond committee adopted the standardized testing system. At the same time, it appeared as the consuls’ reputation improved. However, the Foreign Office changed the system between 1912-1914 by integrating oral test and written test to make sure the person they are selecting would be loyal to the country. This shows that the consuls’ status was still not secured until 1914.
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