영국외무부의 대·내외 입지분석, 1782-1822
Transition of its Domestic and Foreign Position after Formation of the British Foreign Office, 1782-1822
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본 글은 1782년에 외무부가 성립된 이후의 외교조직이나 성향, 활동 등의 입지형성 과정을 분석하여 기존의 정책관련 연구결과들을 좀 더 명확히 이해하도록 했다. 외무부의 입지형성 과정을 분석함에 있어, 첫째로 주목한 부분은 국내정치에서 조지 3세의 역할이 계속 언급되는 만큼 왕을 배제하고도 독자적인 외무부의 입지가 세워질 수 있었는지, 가능했다면 어느 정도인지이다. 둘째로 주목한 부분은 총리인 소(小) 피트(William Pitt the young)의 탁월한 역할이 당시 정계의 모습이니 그로 인해 형성되던 내각(Cabinet)이 외무부의 입지에 어떤 영향을 준 것이 아닌 지이다. 셋째 1783년의 미국독립성취, 1789년 프랑스 대혁명, 그리고 19세기 초 나폴레옹과의 전쟁 시기 등과 접목된 외무부의 대외적 입지정도가 어떠한 지이다. 넷째는 외무부의 대‧내외적 입지 정도를 살펴봄에 있어 제외시키지 못할 외무장관의 외교성향이나 역할도 주목했다. 특히 빈체제를 이끈 영국 측 인물이었던 캐슬레이(Stewart, Robert, Viscount Castlereagh) 외무장관의 역할도 다루었는데, 1822년에 자살한 그의 역사적 현실이 갖고 있는 의미가 분명 영국 외무부의 입지형성에 큰 영향력이 있었다고 보기 때문이다.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the transition of its domestic and foreign position (diplomatic organization, tendency, service) during 40 years since formation of the British Foreign Office of 1782. There has a meaning that this analysis can be helped for understanding existing British diplomatic results of the nineteenth century. For analyzing position of the British Foreign Office, firstly I concentrate George Ⅲ’s role to foreign affairs because he deeply work for domestic policy, event though he belonged to the constitutional monarchy. Secondly, I concentrate William Pitt the young, the prime minister under George Ⅲ and his cabinet because he prominently worked for domestic and foreign problems. Thirdly, I concentrate the British foreign position in related with achievement of American independence (1783), outbreak of French revolution (1789), process of Napoleonic War (the early nineteenth century). Fourthly, I concentrate Viscount Castlereagh, foreign secretary under George Ⅲ. He was one of prominent diplomats because he set ‘the Wien System’ for settlement of Europe after ending Napoleonic war. However, when he suicide on 1822, I think, it has a meaning for the transition of British Foreign Office. Consequently, I got several results during developing this paper. Firstly, I found British Foreign Office could not settle its domestic and foreign position during 40 years since 1782. Secondly, even though the office could not settle yet, I found, the identity of foreign secretary is improved by the activity of Castlereagh, foreign secretary under George Ⅲ. It means that the position of Foreign Office with Castlereagh is better condition than with others during 40 years since 1782. Thirdly, I estimate that George Canning will perfectly set the position of Foreign Office because the limitation of Castlereagh foreign activity became a lesson to him.
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