영제국 외무부 정체성 분석, 1854-1911 ―노스코트-트레빌리안 보고서 적용 이후의 변화―
Identity of the British Foreign Office, 1865-1911 ―Transition after application of the Northcote-Trevelyan Report―
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본 논문은 능력을 중시하던 시험제를 주장한 1854년의 노스코트-트레빌리안(Northcote-Trevelyan) 보고서를 소개하고, 이를 19세기 후반 외무부 공무원 임용에 적용해보았다. 보고서를 통해서 능력만으로 커가던 영제국의 중산계급에게 얼마나 기회가 주어졌는지를 점검하는 것이 일순위이지만, 궁극적 목적은 외무부의 정체성을 확인코자 함에 있다. 먼저 외무부 행정을 담당하는 공무원 임용을 살펴보면, 고위관료들은 추천이 당연시되었으며 중·하급 경우엔 시험제도가 도입되어 추천제와 함께 19세기 후반을 투 톱 형태로 활용되었다. 이 시험제도는 20세기 초에홀로 운용되었지만 원활한 운영을 위해 추가로 도입한 ‘선발위원회’ 제도가 오히려 시험제도의 본래 의미를 희석시켜버렸다. 결국 추천제의 존속과 시험제의 운용미숙으로 중산계급보다 귀족계급이 외무행정공무원의 주축으로 남게 만들었다. 다음으로 해외주재 외무공무원을 살펴보면, 중·하위 공무원들은 외무부내 공무원 시험제도에 준해 임명되었지만, 중·상위 공무원인 외교관은 임명방식이 뚜렷하지 않았다. 본 글에서는 ‘출신성분과 학맥’ 등을 통해 외교관들을 분석해 보았다. 결과는 이들도 귀족계급이 주축인 것을 확인했다. 결론적으로, 본 논문은 19세기 후반 외무부의 정체성이 ‘귀족계급 중심으로 운영되는 기관’ 임을 증명했다.
Abstract
This paper introduces the Northcote-Trevelyan Report(1854) that insisted on an examination system as a way for appointing Civil Service. It also looks at transitions in appointment of British officials for foreign service after application of the Northcote -Trevelyan Report. However, the main purpose of this paper is to examine the identity of the British Foreign Office as it was. Firstly, research on appointments of senior domestic administrative officials to the British Foreign Office reveals that they were appointed by a recommendation system. Junior officials, on the other hand, were appointed under both the recommendation system and the examination system until the end of the 19th century. Once the examination system became mandatory in the beginning of 20th century, a Board of Selection was added. However, the examination system was poorly managed by the Board of Selection such as a modified recommendation system. Therefore, until the early 20th century, the aristocracy still played important roles in appointing foreign service. Secondly, when examining residents abroad of foreign officials, an appointment way for diplomats was unclean, though junior officials of resident abroad were appointed the same way as domestic junior officials. In this paper, there was examined the appointment way through analyzing the social and educational origin of diplomats. It was founded that residents abroad of foreign officials were also under aristocracy until the early 20th century. As a result, it was clearly proved that the British Foreign Office’s identity of 1865-1911 was ‘the institution operating by Aristocracy.’
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