영국 외교관의 대·내외 입지분석, 1815-1865
Transition of the British Diplomat’s Domestic and Foreign Position, 1815-1865
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외무부를 구성하는 두 축은 외무부 내 행정 관료와 외교관이다. 선행연구에 의하면 외무부에 인사제도가 적용된 1860년대에도 외무요원의 채용은 여전히 귀족들이나 특권층의 자제들이 주축이었다. 당시 외교관은 어떠했나? 본고에서 이를 분석할 때, 외교관의 출신성분에 귀족들 및 특권층들의 선호도가 유독 높았던 이유가 무엇인가 하는 데 중점을 두었다. 분석된 바로는 첫째는 ‘외교관 특성’에 있었다. 외교관은 왕의 의사를 전달하는 특성을 가진 특사로인 만큼 왕이 가장 신임하는 계층(출신그룹)이어야하기에 당연히 귀족이나 고위공직자들이 이에 해당되었다. 둘째는 ‘봉급체계’에 있었다. 왕은 외교관이 자신의 대리인인 만큼 왕실비용(Civil List)으로 봉급을 주며 이들을 운영하고 있었다(1832년 선거법 개정 후 의회가 주축일 때는 재무부에서 국고금으로 봉급을 줌). 사실 왕의 입장(또는 의회도 같음)에서는 자신이 지불할 봉급액수를 조금이라도 줄이려 했고, 이에 적절한 해법으로 제시된 것이 무보수 직원 채용인데 가장 용이한 그룹이 귀족이나 특권층들이었다. 본 글에서의 결론은 외교관들도 귀족 및 특권층 관료들이 많았으며, 특히 이들의 세습 성향이 관행이 되어 시험제도가 무색해졌다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 동시에 외무부의 입지도 독자성을 갖기 보다는 여전히 이들과 밀접한 왕이나 의회의 영향력 하에 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.
Abstract
The cores of organizing the Foreign Office are personnel of administration and diplomat. By the preceding research about the Foreign office, it is analyzed that noble and the privileged class who were recruited without any test, were still playing a key role as high-ranking personnel of the Office around 1860s. It is weird because the foreign office was applying the civil service examination by ‘Northcote and Trevelyan Reports, 1853’. How about diplomat’s case in 1815-1860? According to this paper, it is also known that noble (and the privileged class) mainly played a key role in diplomat, even though the foreign office has been applying the civil service examination at the time. What is the reason of it? In paper, firstly, there is analyzed that ‘traditional character of diplomat’ such as king’s envoy made it. As it were, it is natural that king should generally select his envoy in the intimate group such as noble. (As we know, it should remember that king is still nominal head of the Britain until now.) Therefore, it is understood that noble is playing a key role in diplomat. Secondly, it is focused on ‘salary.’ King (or Parliament after great Reform Act) is paying salary to diplomat through the Civil List (or national funds). In this air, the king (or Parliament) instinctively wants to save his money if possible. So he will try to find way how to save it. The founded way is the using of personnel for free. Who can be the kind of personnel for free? Nobel is suitable for it because they hold enough their own property. Eventually, it is also understood that noble is playing a key role in diplomat. In conclude, there is proved that the British diplomat’s domestic and foreign position of mid-nineteenth century has still been lying in the effective of king or parliament.
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