르네상스 연극의 유대인에 대한 극적 재현 양상과 역사적 배경―바라바스와 샤일록―
Historical Backgrounds and Representational Modes on Jews in the English Renaissance Drama: Barabas and Shylock
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1066년 노르만 정복자들과 함께 영국으로 들어오기 이전부터 유대인들은 예수 살해에 대한 원죄로 인해 기독교 문화의 혐오와 박해의 대상이 되었다. 1290년 영국에서 유대인들이 완전히 추방된 이후 크롬웰의 공화정까지 유대인들은 영국으로 입국하는 것이 금지되었으며, 그나마 남아있던 소수의 유대인들은 모두 기독교로 개종한 상태였다. 『몰타의 유대인』과 『베니스 상인』이 공연되었던 16세기 말엽의 영국 사회는 유대인들에 대한 기독교적 편견이 유효한 상태였다. 크리스토퍼 말로우는 『몰타의 유대인』에서 중세의 유대인에 대한 기독교적 편견을 극화하고 있지만 연극 초반에 유대인 바라바스의 입을 빌어 유대인에 대한 기독교 문화의 박해에 저항하는 목소리를 전달했다. 셰익스피어의 『베니스 상인』은 말로우의 작품보다 유대인과 관련된 훨씬 현실적인 문제를 다루고 있다. 샤일록의 안토니오에 대한 복수 이유를 단지 유대인의 악마적 성격에서 찾는 것이 아니라 샤일록에 대한 안토니오의 지속적인 멸시와 혐오에서 비롯된 것이라는 개연성 있는 줄거리를 보여준다. 궁극적으로 샤일록은 그의 모든 재산을 몰수당하고 자신의 유대종교마저 강압적으로 잃게 되지만 관객에게 전달되는 유대인에 대한 인식은 분명 중세적인 것과는 다른 것이었다. 특히 샤일록은 유대인에 대한 전통적 편견과, 르네상스기의 활발했던 계층 변화의 역동성과, 상업주의 문화적 시각이 복합적으로 작용해서 새롭게 재현된 유대인으로 이해되어야 한다.
Abstract
Long before the Norman Conquest in 1066 when jews moved into England with the Norman invaders, jews had been victims of religious persecution. They were blamed for the deicide that they were responsible for the death of Jesus. Since all the jews were banished from England in 1290, they hadn't been allowed to enter the country until Oliver Cromwell guaranteed the freedom of religion during the Commonwealth. Around the end of the 16th century when The Jew of Malta and The Merchant of Venice were performed, the jews, who were deported from England in 1290, were not back to the country yet, but the negative prejudices on Jews were still influential among Christian people. Theater companies began to launch the entertainment business in the late 1580’s, and they were desperately looking for fresh materials to perform. Jews seemed to be a ever-interesting subject for the theater companies because stories on jews were interesting as well as stimulating to the English Renaissance audience. Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta dramatized the Medieval prejudices on jews, but it also delivered resisting voices of jews through Barabas in the beginning part of the work. Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice deals with far more realistic issues than Marlowe’s. Shylock’s vengeance on Antonio cannot be explained only with the evil jewish myths. The play shows probable reasons that the vengeance has originated from Antonio’s hatred and insulting remarks on Shylock and jews. In the end, Shylock’s all properties are confiscated, and he is forced to convert to Christianity, giving up his Judaism, but the Renaissance spectators’ understandings on the plot might not be the same as the Medieval audience’s. Shylock is a new complex character represented with various elements such as conventional Christian prejudice on jews, the socio-class mobility of the Renaissance society, cultural ideas of commercialism in the early modern England.
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