17세기 초 영국의 ‘여성논쟁’과 여성의 다른 목소리 ―스웨트남 논쟁(Swetnam Controversy)을 중심으로―
The Querelle des Femmes (the Debate about Women) and the Other Voices of Women in Early Seventeenth Century England: Focusing on ‘Swetnam Controversy’
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초록
근대 초 ‘여성논쟁’은 영국 페미니즘 역사의 시발점이었다. 1610년대 ‘스웨트남 논쟁’(Swetnam Controversy)에서는 여성혐오사상에 대한 여성의 항의가 최고조에 달했다. 논쟁 촉발자 스웨트남이 강도 높게 여성을 비난했기 때문이다. 그는 중산층 독자를 겨냥하여 여성혐오사상을 더 아래로 확산시켰다. 이에 반발하며 등장한 스페이트(Rachel Speght)와 소워남(Ester Sowernam), 문다(Constantia Munda)는 여성의 자질과 가치를 재평가했다. 스웨트남 주장의 오류를 지적하기도 하고 성서를 재해석하여 여성의 존엄성을 입증할 뿐 아니라 여성의 우월성까지 시사했다. 하지만 남녀의 본성 차이를 강조함으로써 구성된 성이라는 젠더의식이 약했고 여성현실에 대한 비판적 시각도 부족했다. 그렇지만 페미니즘의 발전에서 여성옹호론자의 기여는 적지 않다. ‘스웨트남 논쟁’이 오늘날에도 의미 있는 이유는 이전과 다른 여성의 목소리를 우리에게 들려주기 때문이다. 이들은 여성을 차별받는 하나의 집단으로 인식하고 여성혐오사상에 맞서 여성의 위상을 높이고자 했다. 이런 점에서 ‘스웨트남 논쟁’에 참여한 여성옹호론자들은 페미니즘을 향한 첫걸음을 내딛었다고 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
The querelle des femmes from which the voices for women raised for the first time in public was a starting point of the feminist history in England. The noticeable counterattack of women against the traditional misogynist viewpoints was started in the so-called ‘Swetnam Controversy’ in the 1610s. Because Swetnam blamed and denigrated women intensely. He spreaded misogynist thoughts widely, mainly targeting at the middle class. The defenders of women such as Rachel Speght, Ester Sowernam, and Constantia Munda refuted his misogynist arguments and defended the value of women. They tried not only to recover the dignity of women, but also to suggest the superiority of women, pointing out mistakes in his text and reinterpreting scriptural phrases. Despite the significance of their voices due to their earliest activities to announce feminine responses over the debate, however, they lacked critical perspective of the states of women in their time, while still remaining in adopting the natural differences between man and woman. However, we can’t underestimate their contribution to the development of a feminism. In these days, ‘Swetnam Controversy’ is important in that they defended themselves and other women by woman voice. They reevaluated the nature and capacity of women and raised women’s pride, perceiving women as a disadvantaged group. The advocates for woman in ‘Swetnam Controversy’ thus took the first step toward feminism.
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