원주민들은 어디로 갔을까?: 17세기 초 얼스터 플랜테이션 시기 원주민의 이주
Where Did the Natives Go? : Migration of Natives during the Period of Ulster Plantation in the Early 17th Century
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‘백작들의 도피(Flight of Earls, 1607)’ 이후 “아일랜드의 가장 거칠고, 개혁되지 않은 지역, 거대한 반란의 온상”으로 여겨지던 얼스터가 엘리자베스를 계승한 제임스 1세(James Ⅰ, 1603-1625)에게 남겨졌다. 제임스와 그의 측근들은 튜더 시기 진행된 식민정책의 실패 원인이 정복자와 원주민이 함께 거주하면서 지속된 동화가 아일랜드의 잉글랜드화를 방해한 것, 그리고 식민지 원주민에 비해 신교도 이주민의 숫자가 너무 적었기 때문이라고 생각했다. 그런 이유로 제임스는 얼스터의 몰수된 6개 카운티에서 원주민을 완전히 제거하고 그 지역을 잉글랜드와 스코틀랜드의 신교도들로 가득 채우려 했다. 당연히 몰수된 지역들은 대부분 신교도에게 할당되었고 원주민의 이주는 법으로 확정되었으며 그 땅을 경작할 소작농들도 신교도로 충원될 계획이었다. 그러나 식민시행자들은 정부가 처음 제시한 기한까지 얼스터로 이주하지 못했고 당연히 식민과 관계된 어떤 행동도 취해지지 않았으며 원주민들 대부분은 그들의 근거지를 떠나지 않았다. 왜 정부의 계획과 다른 결과가 나타난 것일까? 이 글은 17세기 초반을 중심으로 얼스터로 이주한 신교도들이 아니라 얼스터에서 쫓겨나도록 예정되었던 원주민들에 대해 살펴본 것이다. 그리고 이를 통해 아일랜드에서 가장 크고 유명한 영국의 식민정착지인 얼스터의 기원과 현실 및 결과의 복잡성을 이해하는 데 조금의 도움이 되고자 한다.
Abstract
After 'the Flight of Earls,' Ulster, previously regarded as 'the most rude and unreformed part of Ireland, the nest of the great rebellions,' came under the rule of James I, succeeding Elizabeth I. James and his associates believed that the failure of Tudor colonial policies was due to the ongoing cohabitation of conquerors and natives, as well as the insufficient number of Protestant immigrants compared to the colonial residents. For this reason, James sought to completely remove the natives from the confiscated six counties of Ulster and intended to fill the region with Protestant settlers from England and Scotland. Naturally, most of the confiscated areas were allocated to Protestants, and the migration of natives was legally confirmed, with the intention of replenishing the land with Protestant tenants. However, the undertakers did not migrate to Ulster by the government's initially proposed deadline, and naturally, no actions related to colonization took place. So, where did the natives who lived here go? Did they all leave Ulster as the government originally intended? This essay examines the migration of the natives who were planned to be expelled from Ulster, rather than Protestant immigrants who migrated to Ulster during the early 17th century. It is an effort to understand the complexity of the origins, reality, and outcomes of Ulster, the largest and most famous British colonial settlement in Ireland during the early 17th century.
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