몬머스 반란과 세지무어 전투(1685)의 재해석: 근대 영국 육군 발달사의 관점에서
The Monmouth Rebellion and the Battle of Sedgemoor (1685): The Origin of the First Professional English Army
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전문화된 근대 군대로서 영국 육군의 창설은 오래도록 윌리엄 3세의 업적이었다고 여겨져 왔다. 전통적인 관점은 명예혁명으로 집권한 윌리엄 3세에 의해 네덜란드의 최신 군사 이론과 제도가 도입되어, 유럽 대륙의 ‘군사혁명’으로부터 유리되었던 스튜어트 군대를 일신하였다고 보았다. 본고는 제임스 2세 치세에 영국 육군에 일어난 변화를 분석함으로서 이러한 해석에 이의를 제기한다. 제임스 2세의 군대는 그동안 큰 주목을 받지 못하였지만, 많은 면에서 이후 근대 영국군의 발전에 핵심적인 기틀을 놓은 시대였다. 본고는 제임스 2세 치세에 영국군이 치른 유일한 실전인 몬머스 반란의 군사적 의의를 재검토함으로서 당시 영국군이 제도적, 군사교리적인 측면 뿐 아니라 실전 수행 능력에 있어서도 전문화된 근대 군대의 모습을 충실히 갖춰나가고 있었음을 주장한다.
Abstract
William III has long been credited for the creation of modern, professional English army. It has been commonly argued that the Tudor and Stuart army was largely alienated from the European ‘military revolution’, until William III ‘modernised’ it by adopting Dutch military practice after the ‘Glorious’ Revolution of 1688. This article, however, suggests that the origin of truly professional English army must trace back to the initiation of James II. His significant achievement in transforming a small police force he inherited from his brother, Charles II, into a regular army comparable to its continental counterparts has been unfairly forgotten mainly due to later Protestant propaganda against this Briatin’s last Catholic king. However, it was during James II’s reign that the fundamental structure of English army was first established and its tactical doctrine was updated. The army he created proved displayed its professionalism and operational capacity when confronted the Duke of Monmouth’s rebel army, which was a more significant threat than the popular epithet the ‘Pitchfork Rebellion’ suggests.
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