명청 교체기 해로사행의 항해 노정과 해신제(海神祭): 홍익한의 『조천항해록』과 이흘의 『조천일기』를 중심으로

Abstract

This thesis examines the actual conditions of the voyage route and Haeshinje (海神祭) of Haerosahang (海路使行) during the Ming and Qing exchange period. During the Ming and Qing exchange period, there were two routes going to Deungju (登州) and Gakhwado (覺華島). The meandering path through the sea route was accompanied by the fear of death, so various Haeshinje were frequently performed. Joseon envoys of Haerosahang performed Haeshinje frequently, not only at the time of departure, but also in times of crisis when ships drifted along the way, met with strong winds and rains, or had to pass through difficult sections, praying for the safety of sailing. Various Haeshinje were performed including Samshinje (三神祭), Gaeyangje (開洋祭), Seonshinje (船神祭), Kipungje (祈風祭), and Seongje (星祭), etc. Envoys of Haerosahang also offered rituals for deity of sea and patron saint of a cove, and this indicates that they also accepted rites according to folk beliefs, besides confucian style standard. In addition, when passing through the most dangerous section, Cheolsanchwi (鐵山嘴), they paid tribute to the spirits of Nocheolsan (老鐵山) and other envoys who drowned in that area, praying for the safety of sailing. The most interesting point of haeshinje of Haerosaeng during the Ming and Qing exchange period is the ritual for Cheonbi (天妃). For example, in 1624, Lee Deok-hyeong and his party performed ancestral rites to the three chinese gods, Cheonbi, longwang, and Soseong, following the recommendation of an old Chinese monk they met on Gwangnokdo (廣鹿島). And they also performed a ritual at the tomb of Cheonbi on Myodo (廟島) to commemorate Cheonbi’s birthday. This is because they accepted a different deity from the existing three gods (Great Sea, God of sea, God of wind), meaning that envoys of Haerosaeng accepted the local sea god beliefs when sailing in Chinese waters. As the experience of Haerosaeng is accumulated, Cheonbi occupies the highest position among the many sea gods, and its status is further strengthened. Cheonbije (天妃祭), the ritual for Cheonbi, deserves attention as an example of cultural dissemination through the sea.