알프레드 T. 마한의 해군전략론과 20세기 초 미국의 해군전략 변화
Alfred Thayer Mahan's Theory on Naval Strategy and Change of the U.S. Naval Strategy in the Early 20th Century
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초록
지정학적 위협인식에 기반을 둔 마한의 해양사상은 20세기 초 당시 미국의 해양 제국화에 큰 영향을 주었다. 이를 통해 20세기는 진정한 ‘미국의 세기’가 될 수 있었으며, 2차대전 후 글로벌 초강대국이 된 미국은 현재까지도 마한이 주장했던 해양 중심적 대전략을 견지하고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서 21세기 현재 미국해군의 전략적 기원이 마한의 사상이었다고 보고 그의 해군전략론은 무엇이었는지를 우선 검토할 것이다. 그 후에 마한의 해군전략론이 19세기 말부터 20세기 초 당시 미국이 강대국으로 부상했던 시기에 미국해군의 전략이 각 행정부를 거치면서 어떠한 형태로 구현되었는지를 살펴볼 것이다. 마한이 추구하는 해군전략의 목표는 단순히 양질의 대형 함정을 만들어 해군력을 증강하는 것에 국한되지 않았으며, 흔히 많은 이들이 오해하듯이 그는 무제한적인 전투 함대 간 함대 결전만을 추구하지 않았다. 마한은 대외정책의 핵심적인 수단으로 해군전략을 정의했다. 결국 마한은 해군전략의 목표가 국가 차원의 대외정책을 수행하고, 국익을 보호하고 증진하는 ‘곤봉(big stick)’이 되는 것이라 보았다. 그는 이러한 해군전략의 목표를 달성하기 위해 주력함 중심의 공세적 전투 함대가 필요하다고 판단했으며, 이 함대의 집중을 통해 ‘해양우세’ 달성을 추구했다. 또한, 전투 함대가 해외에서도 원활하게 작전을 수행할 수 있도록 지원하는 ‘전진기지 확보’의 중요성에 대해서도 언급했다. 이러한 마한의 해군전략론의 직접적, 간접적인 영향을 받았던 20세기 초 당시 미국의 매킨리, 루스벨트, 태프트, 윌슨 행정부는 시기에 따라서 그 정도의 차이는 있었지만 전반적으로 마한이 주장했던 해군전략론과 유사한 맥락에서 해군전략을 수립했으며, 행정부의 대외정책 수행을 위한 가장 효과적인 도구로써 활용했다.
Abstract
Mahan's Maritime Military Thought, based on geopolitical threat perception, greatly influenced America's maritime imperialization in the early 20th century. Through his maritime strategy, the 20th century could be a true "The century of America," and the U.S.,which became a global superpower after World War II, maintains the maritime-centered grand strategy that Mahan had insisted on. Therefore, in this study, I believe that the strategic origin of the U.S. Navy as of the 21st century was Mahan's thought, and we will first consider what his thought on naval strategy was. Then we will look at how Mahan's thought on naval strategy was implemented throughout each administration during the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the United States emerged as a super power. The goal of Mahan's thought on naval strategy was not limited to simply building high-quality large ships to build naval forces, and, as many people often misunderstand, he did not pursue unlimited decisive fleet battles. Mahan defined naval strategy as a key means of foreign policy. In the end, Mahan saw that the goal of the naval strategy was to play in a role in a "big stick" to carry out national foreign policies and protect and promote national interests. He judged that an offensive combat fleet centered on the capital ship was necessary to achieve the goal of this naval strategy, and sought to achieve "maritime superiority" through the concentration of the fleet. He also mentioned the importance of "securing forward naval bases" to help combat fleets operate smoothly overseas. The administrations of McKinley, Teddy Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson in the early 20th century, which were directly and indirectly influenced by Mahan's thought on naval strategy, established naval strategies in a similar context to the naval strategy that Mahan advocated.
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