戰間期 太平洋지역 美·日간 해군력 경쟁
The Competition of Naval Power between U.S.-Japan in the Pacific Ocean during the Inter-War Period
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초록
이글은 20세기 초 태평양 전쟁 발발 이전 미ㆍ일간 해군력 경쟁을 분석한 글이다. 20세기 초 아시아의 신흥 해양강국으로 등장한 일본은 태평양 지역의 패권을 추구하기 시작하였고, 태평양 지역에서 현상유지를 추구하고자 했던 미국은 일본의 이같은 움직임을 미국에 대한 도전으로 인식하였다. 태평양 지역에서 발생했던 미ㆍ일간 경쟁은 해군력 경쟁으로 발전했고, 결국 1941년 태평양 전쟁이 발발했다. 양 국간의 해군력 경쟁은 태평양지역에서 어떻게 해군력을 운용할 것인가의 문제를 야기시켰고, 이것은 일본의 對美전쟁계획인 ‘차단-소모전략’과 미국의 對日전쟁계획인 ‘오렌지 계획 ➜ 레인보우 계획’의 해양전략 경쟁으로 발전하였다. 일본은 제 1차 세계대전 종료 후 아시아국가 최초 해양강국으로 성장하여 남태평양으로 진출하였다. 1922년 워싱턴체제에 가입했으나, 미국을 제1의 가상적으로 간주하고 조약의 허점을 이용하여 조약에서 제외된 잠수함, 상륙함, 보조함 등을 지속적으로 증강시켰다. 1936년 워싱턴조약 탈퇴 후 일본은 해군력증강을 계속하였고, 이를 위한 해양전략인, 차단-소모전략을 발전 시켰다. 그리고 1941년 진주만 기습을 일으킨 것이다. 한편, 미국은 20세기 들어 일본을 공식적인 잠재적국으로 인식하기 시작하였고, 오렌지 계획을 수립하여 대일 전쟁계획을 구체화시켰다. 일본의 위협에 대한 실질적인 인식은 일본이 워싱턴체제를 탈퇴(1936) 함으로써 나타났다. 1938년 미국은 해군력 증강을 위한 ‘빈슨-트라멜 법안’을 통해서 해군력을 증강시키기 시작하였고, 이 조치를 통해 일본의 해군력 증강에 대응하였다. 미국의 오렌지 계획과 일본의 차단-소모 전략 과의 대결에서 미국의 해양전략이 승리를 거두었다.
Abstract
This article analyzes the competition of naval power between the U.S. and Japan before the outbreak of the Pacific War in the early 20th century. Japan, which emerged as a new maritime power in Asia in the early 20th century, began to seek hegemony in the Pacific region, whereas the United States, which sought to maintain the status quo in the Pacific region, recognized Japan's move as a challenge to the United States. The U.S.-Japan competition, which took place in the Pacific region, developed into a naval superiority competition, and eventually the Pacific War broke out in 1941. The naval power competition between the two countries raised the question of how to operate naval forces in Asia-Pacific, which developed into a maritime strategy competition between Japan's “interception-attrition strategy” and the U.S. war plan “Orange” ➜ war plan “Rainbow" against Japan. After the end of World War I, Japan became the first Asian maritime power and advanced to the South Pacific ocean. Japan joined the Washington regime in 1922, but considered the U.S. as the first virtual enemy and continued to build submarines, landing ships, and auxiliary ships which were exceptional maritime arsenals from the treaty. After terminating from the Treaty of Washington in 1936, Japan continued to strengthen its naval capabilities and developing a maritime strategy(interception-attrition strategy). Meanwhile, the U.S. began to recognize Japan as an official potential enemy in the 20th century, and developed an orange plan against Japan. The real perception of Japan's threat came as Japan's withdraw from Washington Treaty(1936). In 1938, the U.S. began building up its naval capabilities through the Vinson-Tramel Act to enhance its naval power, and responded to Japan's naval capabilities. The U.S. won over Japan in the maritime strategic level.
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