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알프레드 T. 마한의 지정학적 위협인식 및 대외정책론과 20세기 초 미국 대외정책의 변화

Alfred T. Mahan’s Geopolitical Threat Perception and Thought of Foreign Policy and Changes on U.S. Foreign Policy in the Early 20th Century

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주제분류정치외교학

초록

2010년대 이후 중국의 급부상은 소련의 붕괴에 따른 탈냉전 이후 영원한 초강대국이 될 것만 같았던 미국의 패권을 위협하고 있다. 중국은 마치 20세기초 당시 미국이 그랬던 것처럼 공세적인 대외정책과 이를 뒷받침 하기 위한 강력한 해군력을 구축하고 있다. 미국 역시 이러한 중국의 부상에 대응하고 패권도전을 좌절시키기 위해 다양한 노력을 진행하고 있다. 이러한 미국의 노력, 그리고 아시아-태평양 지역에서의 대전략적 기원은 바로 미국의 대표적 해양지정학자이자 해양전략가로 손 꼽히는 알프레드 T. 마한의 지정학적 위협인식과 대외정책론이었다. 구체적인 형태나 방식은 시대의 변화에 따라 조금씩 변화되어왔지만, 실제 그 대전략적 본질은 20세기 초나2020년대에 접어든 현대에도 크게 변화된 것이 없는 게 사실이다. 그러므로 한미동맹을 국가안보의 근간으로 삼는 대한민국은 미국 대외정책의 대전략적 기원을 정확하고 냉철히 인식하기 위해, 그 역사적 본질에 있는마한의 지정학적 위협인식과 대외정책론에 주목해야 할 것이다. 이를 통해 미국의 대외정책에 대한 단순한 현상 인식을 넘어 미국의 근본적인 대전략적 기원이 무엇이고, 그 본질이 무엇인지에 대해서 조금 더 다가갈 수 있을 것이다

Abstract

China’s rapid rise since the 2010s threatens a global hegemony of the United States, which seemed to become a permanent superpower after the post-Cold War following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Just like the United States at the beginning of the 20th century, China is building an aggressive foreign policy and a strong naval force to support it. The U.S. is also making various efforts to counter the rise of China and to deter the challenge of hegemony. The U.S. efforts and grand strategic origins in the Asia- Pacific region were the geopolitical threat perception and foreign policy theory of Alfred T. Mahan, one of America’s leading maritime geopolitical scholars and maritime strategists. Although the specific form and method have changed little by little according to the changes of the times, it is true that the actual grand strategic essence has not changed significantly in the early 20th century or in the modern era beyond the 2020s. Therefore, the Republic of Korea, which takes the R.O.K-U.S. alliance as the basis of national security, should pay attention to Mahan's perception of geopolitical threat and foreign policy theory in its historical essence in order to accurately and soberly recognize the grand strategic origins of U.S. foreign policy. Through this, we will be able to get a little closer to what the fundamental grand strategic origins of the U.S. are and what their essence is, beyond the simple recognition of the current status quo of the U.S. foreign policy.

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