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통합의 대안인 ‘또 다른 통합’? - 영국, 영연방과 대서양자유무역지역(AFTA)의 딜레마, 1961-1969 -

Integration for Integration’s Sake?: Britain, the Commonwealth and the Dilemma of the Atlantic Free Trade Area, 1961-1969

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영국사학회|2019.06|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제41호|pp. 271-312|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..41.201906.271

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캐나다Canada유럽경제공동체영연방해롤드 윌슨Harold WilsonCommonwealthEuropean Economic Community대서양자유무역지역해롤드 맥밀런Atlantic Free Trade AreaHarold Macmillan
주제분류역사학

초록

1961년 영국의 1차 유럽경제공동체 가입 신청 당시 주요 영연방 회원국들은 영국이 가입에 성공할 경우 영국과의 무역에서 적용받던 특혜 관세가 폐지되고 유럽경제공동체의 역외공통관세가 부과될 것을 염려하여 크게 반발하였다. 1차 신청이 거부당한 영국이 1966년에 다시 가입 신청을 시도하자 캐나다는 영국, 미국, 캐나다, 아일랜드, 덴마크, 노르웨이, 스웨덴, 오스트레일리아, 뉴질랜드 등을 아우르는 대서양자유무역지역의 창설을 주창하였다. 대서양자유무역지역의 설립은 영연방과의 무역 규모에 타격 없이 영국 경제에 상당한 이득을 가져다 줄 것으로 예상되었으나, 해롤드 윌슨 정부는 미국이 대서양자유무역지역을 원한다는 입장을 밝힌 적이 없다는 근거를 공개적으로 들어 1968년 7월에 영국이 이를 추진할 계획이 없음을 명백히 하였다. 하지만 이러한 영국 정부의 주장과 달리 미국은 이미 1967년 초부터 대서양자유무역지역 형성 가능성을 긍정적으로 검토하고 있었다. 최근에 공개된 영국 정부 문서를 검토한 결과 윌슨 정부가 대서양자유무역지역 설립에 반대한 진의는 이에 가입하는 주요 영연방 회원국들이 차츰 영국의 영향력에서 벗어나 미국의 영향권으로 들어가고 대서양자유무역지역에 가입하지 못하는 영연방 회원국들이 차별당하고 있다는 생각을 갖게 되면서 영연방이 와해될 것에 대한 우려 때문이었던 것으로 밝혀졌다.

Abstract

Britain’s first application to join the European Economic Community in 1961 caused great consternation among the major Commonwealth nations since a successful British entry meant that the Commonwealth’s preferential trade arrangements with the former mother country would have to give way to the implementation of the Common Market’s Common External Tariff. As Britain prepared to submit a second application to join the EEC in 1966, Canada led the call for the creation of an Atlantic Free Trade Area (AFTA) which would encompass the UK, the United States, Canada, Ireland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand. Britain’s own government inquiry into the economic feasibility of an AFTA concluded that the British economy would benefit significantly from entering into such an arrangement without damaging Britain’s trade relations with the Commonwealth, a view that was echoed by various academics, private think-tanks, eurosceptic British Members of Parliament and the British press. The Wilson administration, despite this political pressure, decided not to pursue the establishment of an AFTA by publicly claiming in July 1968 that the US had never given an indication that it wanted such an arrangement. However, in contrast to the British government’s claim, the Americans had already being looking favourably into the possibility of creating an AFTA, as was evident during talks between a senior US Department of Defence official and British Foreign Office officials in April 1967 and during a congressional hearing attended by the US Trade Representative in February 1968. Recently declassified British government papers reveal that the real reasons for Britain’s reluctance to pursue an AFTA were the Wilson government’s fear that the major Commonwealth nations which would join an AFTA would increasingly fall under the influence of the United States at the expense of British influence, and that the ‘new Commonwealth countries’ would feel abandoned at their exclusion from the new economic grouping.

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