영국의 1973년 유럽공동체 가입과 1975년 국민투표: 유럽공동체 회원국 신분에 대한 반쪽짜리 승인
Britain’s Entry into the European Community in 1973 and Her 1975 Referendum: Partial Approval of the British Membership of the EC
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이차대전 이후에 시작된 유럽 통합은 영국이 유럽공동체 가입을 추진하던 1970년대 초에는 명백히 초국가체를 지향하고 있었으며, 공동체법은 유럽공동체 회원국 법에 대한 우위와 직접적 효력을 갖게 되어 있었다. 즉, 유럽공동체는 그 회원국의 경제는 물론 정치‧(헌)법 등의 측면에도 영향을 미치게 되어 있었으며, 자연히 회원국의 의회주권과 국가주권도 잠재적으로 침해를 받을 수밖에 없게 되어 있었다. 그러나 영국 정부와 의회는 유럽공동체에 가입하기 위한 협상과정과 의회로부터 이를 승인 받는 과정 및 1972년 유럽공동체들법을 통해서 이를 법제화하는 과정은 물론, 유럽공동체의 가입과 잔류 여부를 묻는 1975년 국민투표에서도 이런 잠재적인 영향을 국민들에게 제대로 알리지도 않았고 이에 대한 대응책도 심도 있게 논의하지 않았다. 결국, 1975년 국민투표에서 유권자들이 승인했던 것은 공동체 회원국 신분이 영국에 미칠 영향 중, 정치적‧(헌)법적인 영향, 즉 의회주권과 국민주권의 잠재적 상실을 배제한, 경제적인 영항만을 승인한, 반쪽짜리 승인이었던 것이다. 이렇게 1975년에 영국 국민이 승인했던 통합 유럽의 모습과 이의 현재 모습 간에는 큰 불일치가 존재하고 있다. 이 불일치가 해소되어야만 유럽헌법을 통해 본격적인 정치적 통합과 초국가체를 지향하려는 유럽 통합 움직임에 영국이 보다 적극적으로 동참할 수 있게 될 것이다.
Abstract
The movement for European integration which began after World War Two aimed for a supranational entity in the early 1970s when Britain sought her entry into the European Community, and EC laws were to have legal supremacy over domestic laws and direct effect in its member states. In other words, the EC membership was supposed to exert much influence not only on the economy but also on the constitution and laws of its member states, with their national sovereignty and, in particular, parliamentary sovereignty being potentially compromised. However, the successive British governments and Parliaments concerned neither adequately informed their people or voters of the potential loss of sovereignty nor put the issue to any detailed debate; they did neither of them even when they sought British membership of the EC, when they passed the 1972 European Communities Act, and when they asked in the 1975 referendum people’s opinion if Britain should stay within or get out of the EC. What British voters approved in the 1975 referendum was just the economic influence of the British membership of the EC, not its political and constitutional one, not to mention the potential loss of her parliamentary sovereignty ― partial approval of the British membership of the EC. Since 1975 there has existed wide discrepancies between the features of an integrated Europe British voters endorsed in 1975 and those of the current one. Unless such discrepancies were resolved, Britain’s further integration into Europe would be out of the question.
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