유럽자유무역연합(EFTA)의 FTA 정책: 병행주의와 적극적 통상정책 간의 조화
EFTA‘s FTA Policy: Harmonizing Parallelism and Activism as an Open Economies
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이 연구는 EU와의 독특한 관계 속에서 발전해 온 EFTA의 통상정책과 그 특징을EU와 EFTA가 공통적으로 체결한 FTA를 통해 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. EFTA 는 EU의 전신인 유럽공동체(EC)와 경쟁관계 속에서 출범, 발전하였으나, 이후 EC와 자유무역을 실시하였고, 1990년대 초에는 유럽경제지대(EEA)의 설립을 통해 EU와 실질적인 단일시장을 형성하였다. EFTA가 FTA를 체결하는 것은 EU의 통상정책과의 조율을 통해 공정한 경쟁여건을조성하기 위한 노력으로 볼 수 있으며, 이는 EFTA의 발전과정에서 재현되어 왔다. 그러나 EU-EFTA 관계를 규정하고 있는 EEA는 국제무역체제 하에서 FTA로 정의되는바, EFTA는 독자적인 통상정책 권한을 보유하고 있다. 2000년대 중반까지 EFTA는FTA 정책에 있어서 EU와의 ‘병행주의’를 유지하였으나, 이후로는 EU가 미쳐 FTA 협상을 시작하지 못한 국가와도 시장개척을 위한 FTA를 체결하는 등 독자적인 통상정책의 모습 또한 보였다. 또한 EU의 통상정책이 점차 적극적, 포괄적 FTA를 지향하게 되자과거의 소극적 병행주의에서 적극적 병행주의의 모습을 보이고 있다. EU-EFTA 관계의 발전과정과 EFTA의 통상정책은 오늘날 많은 양자 FTA 속에서광역 FTA가 추진되고 있는 아시아-태평양 지역에도 경제통합의 연구에 있어 시사점을준다. 또한 EU와의 규제조율에 관한 EFTA의 사례는 아태지역의 심층적 통합을 위한방법론에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.
Abstract
This study reviews the trade policy of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) which has maintained a special status vis-à-vis the EU from its beginning. For this purpose, it examines the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) commonly concluded by the EU and the EFTA with same trade partners. The EFTA has been developed in competing with the EC in 1960s. However, it was soon linked to the EC by a free trade scheme in 1970s and was integrated into the European Single Market by establishing the European Economic Area (EEA) in early 1990s. A number of FTAs concluded by the EFTA have been driven by the motivation for leveling a playing field with the EU in market access. Due to this reason, the EFTA has tried to match EU's FTAs, since it was a part of the EEA. However, the EEA is a FTA and the EFTA is not obliged to align its preferential trade scheme to that of the EU. The EFTA had tended to stick to its ‘parallelism’ to EU's preferential trade agreements until mid 2000s. However, since then, it has shown its proper trade policy vis-à-vis trade partners and expanded its FTA network beyond that of the EU in several cases. As EU's FTA policy has been more aggressive with its comprehensive FTAs, the EFTA has responded to EU' movement with including more comprehensive issues its FTAs. EFTA's trade policy has changed from passive to active ‘parallelism’. The EU-EFTA relation and its development provides an insight and policy implications to Asia-Pacific region where mega FTAs have emerged from the dense bilateral FTA networks. In addition, many cases of the EFTA in regulatory convergence with the EU in the EEA framework can provide a number of good examples, which will contribute to developing methods of deep integration in Asia-Pacific region.
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