제국의 유산 ―‘영연방’의 과거와 현재, 1880-2000―
The Legacy of Empire ―The Past and Present of the Commonwealth of Nations―
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영연방의 정체성은 무엇인가. 이 글에서는 영연방을 ‘영국과 역사 및 문화면에서 깊은 관계가 있는 국가들의 정부간 협의체’라는 정도로 다소 모호하게 규정하고자 한다. 2차 대전 직후 영연방을 주도한 영국 정치가들은 영연방을 통해 국제정치나 세계경제면에서 영국의 위상을 유지하려고 했다. 그러나 1950, 60년대에 이르러 이러한 기대는 비현실적인 것이 되었다. 이 글은 영제국의 성격과 영연방의 성립과정을 개략한 다음, 1960년대 노동당 정부가 영연방 문제에 어떻게 대처했으며 그 후 어떤 변화가 있었는가를 검토한다. 영국의 EEC 가입 신청과 영연방 사무국체제의 등장 이후 영연방에 대한 영국 정치가들의 관심은 약화되었다. 영연방은 더 이상 외교적으로나 경제적으로 영국이 주도할 수 없고 또 영국의 국가 이익에 도움이 되지 않는다는 인식이 널리 퍼졌다. 1980년대 이후 특히 정상회의는 주로 자치령국가와 아시아-아프리카 회원국들이 주도한다. 이는 영연방의 탈중심화와 다변화를 보여준다.
Abstract
Today it is not easy for us to point out the accurate identity of the British Commonwealth. It could be only defined vaguely as a governmental conference of the nations that have been deeply related with Britain historically or culturally. After the Second World War, British political leaders tried to maintain Britain’s position in the international politics and world economy. But it was contrary against their expectations in the 1960s. This paper focuses on the policies of the Labour Government toward the Commonwealth of Nations in the mid-1960s. At the time, H. Wilson, the prime minister, gave up his early policy, that is, the pursuit of Britain’s prosperity based on the co-operation of the Commonwealth countries, and then began to emphasize the approach to European countries and EEC. With Britain’s application of entrance to EEC and the introduction of the secretariat system to the Commonwealth of Nations, the attitude of British politicians toward the Commonwealth was gradually changed. They realized that Britain could not initiate the international organization and it would not be helpful for the British interest. Nowadays the Commonwealth shows its diversification and de-centralization. What is the reason that the nations stemmed from white settlements and colonies could be easily connected each other through the central authority of the British monarchy? This loose network of nations was formed on the basis of English culture or English language. Nowadays the Commonwealth is not only a governmental organization but several conferences of NGO. Sometimes the latter would be more important rather than the former.
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