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후쿠시마 사고 이후 일본의 원자력 관련 제도 변화에 대한 연구

Post-Fukushima Changes in Japan's Nuclear Institutions

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초록

2011년 3월 11일에 발생한 후쿠시마 원전 사고는 일본의 원자력 거버넌스에 큰 충격을 주었으며, 절대 필요, 절대 안전의 신화가 붕괴되었다. 간 나오토 당시 총리는 ‘원전제로’ 정책을 선언하고, 이어서 모든 원자로가 운전 중단되는 사태가 벌어졌다. 사고로 인해 일본의 야심적인 원전정책은 중대한 도전을 받았으며, 근본적 개혁은 불가피해 보였다. 그러나 이후 3년여가 지난 2014년 현재 대다수 여론이 탈원전을 지지함에도 불구하고, 탈원전은 국가적 정책 논의에서 거의 자취를 감추었으며, 재집권한 아베 정권 하에서 원전정책은 기존의 방향으로 회귀하였다. 현재 센다이 원전 1, 2호기는 안전심사를통과하여 재가동을 앞두고 있다. 그러나 후쿠시마 사고 이후 일본 원자력 레짐에 변화가없었던 것은 아니다. 견고하게 구축된 기존의 제도 내에 무엇이 변화 또는 지속되고 있으며, 그 의미‒속성은 무엇인가? 이 글은 신제도주의 분석틀을 이용하여 후쿠시마 후의 원전 정책 전개 양상을 구체적으로 규명하고 해석하였다. 연구 결과 우리는 일본의원전 관련 제도가 사고로 인한 환경변화에 적응하고, 일부 구성요소들을 조정‒재배열하는 과정을 거치고 있으나, 그 핵심은 유지되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

Abstract

Fukushima nuclear plant accident on 11 March 2011 sent shock waves throughoutJapanese society as well as the nuclear establishment. Long‒held myth of absolute safetyand necessity was shattered. Subsequently, the then Prime Minister Kan Naoto declared apolicy of phasing out nuclear power, and soon after every nuclear reactor in Japan stoppedoperating for regular inspection and remains unplugged. Japan’s nuclear ambition faced aserious challenge, and drastic reform seemed inevitable. Three years later, however, despitethe fact that the vast majority of Japanese support nuclear phase-out, the issue all butdisappeared from public discourse and the second Abe cabinet steered Japan almost backto the established nuclear policy. In October 2014, Sendai nuclear reactor 1 and 2 passedNuclear Regulation Authority’s supposedly rigorous safety check, and are waiting to restart. Does this mean that nothing has changed since the accident? What are nature of changesand consistencies in Japan’s nuclear energy policy, and what do they mean? This articleaims to highlight and interpret the Post‒Fukushima developments in Japan’s nuclear energysector by using institutionalist approach. We find that Japan’s nuclear institutions are goingthrough adjustment and reconfiguration in response to the changing environment, but thecore elements remain unchanged.

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