고문서 ‘冊’의 연원과 변천에 관한 연구

Abstract

The investiture system defined the relationships among autocratic states in East Asia, with the Chinese emperor conferring titles upon neighboring rulers to establish a hierarchical diplomatic order. At the core of this system were investiture books (冊書), important diplomatic documents that formalized mutual recognition between states. One state would request recognition through documents such as zhangzuo (章奏), and the other state would approve it by sending an investiture book along with imperial edicts such as zhoushu (詔書) or chishu (勅書). Upon receiving these documents, the recipient state expressed gratitude by sending a biaowen (表文) to the suzerain state and implemented amnesties domestically to strengthen its ruling legitimacy. These documents were more than just formal acknowledgments; they were vital tools for reinforcing political authority, consolidating power, and maintaining peace between neighboring states. This study explores the origins, use, and significance of investiture books in Korea, from the Three Kingdoms period to the Goryeo Dynasty. By examining their historical context, it analyzes their practical functions, ceremonial roles, and symbolic value, while emphasizing the political and cultural importance of investiture books in East Asia. The study also discusses how Korea uniquely adapted this diplomatic tradition, incorporating its own interpretations and practices into the system. It highlights the localized adaptations that allowed Korea to use investiture books not only for formal diplomacy but also to assert and legitimize the power of the ruling dynasty. The use of investiture books in Korea began during the Three Kingdoms period, as recorded in Samguksagi and Goryeosa. These books were made of materials like jade and bamboo and were used for purposes such as investiture, mourning, posthumous honors, and ceremonial titles. Unlike in China, where investiture books were primarily used to formalize the status of officials, in Korea, these books were often used as diplomatic tools to affirm a ruler's authority and maintain regional influence. This shows how Korea localized the system it received from China, adapting it to its own political structure and needs. Investiture books served as important symbols for establishing hierarchical relationships among states externally, while internally, they reinforced governance legitimacy and strengthened political authority. These documents were often used to secure allegiance and cooperation, ensuring peace and stability within the region. Externally, they communicated the recognition of authority from one state to another, while internally, they were employed to justify and consolidate the power of the ruler. This system greatly influenced Korea's documentary traditions and political culture, playing a vital role in both international diplomacy and domestic governance, shaping Korea’s diplomatic strategies, its political narrative, and its approach to statecraft throughout its history.