公文書의 官印 硏究 - 禮式에 따른 官印 체제를 중심으로 -

Abstract

This study is about official seal of official documents that had been used from the late Koryŏ period to the Great Han Empire. Council of State(僉議府) of Koryŏ received official seal directly from Yüan(元). Separately as Yüan’s Son-in-law Nation(駙馬國), Koryŏ’s best government office Council of State was controlled directly by Yüan. This seems that Yüan’s will was directly delivered to Koryŏ, unlike the international setting method that was indirectly made in the tributary system. Yüan perished and as Ming(明) was newly built, diplomatic relations with a way of bestowing official seal were established. Ming bestowed 「Seal of the King of Koryŏ(高麗國王之印)」 to King Kongmin(恭愍王). After that, Joseon received 「Seal of the King of Joseon(朝鮮國王之印)」 from Ming in 1401, and it modified Joseon’s official seal system based on official seal received from Ming in 1403. In addition, it fixed the actual official seal system in 1443 by solving problems of actual operation. The operation characteristic of the royal seal and the official seal system is the dualistic system whose use is divided into externally and internally. The diplomatic documents that Joseon exchanged with Ming or the diplomatic documents able to deliver diplomatic contents used 「Seal of the King of Joseon」 and domestic internal documents used royal seal and official seal separately. Although Joseon ran the official seal system organized in the international order, Joseon’s dualistic operation system had an independent characteristic about a central international order. Such a system is continuously connected, so that Joseon’s official seal system didn’t follow Qing(淸)’s new systems and adhered to Ming’s official seal system even after the change of Ming and Qing Dynasty. Except for diplomatic documents that sent to Qing, both domestic official seals and official seals used for diplomatic documents with Japan were based on Ming’s official seal system.