朝鮮時代 封典을 위한 印章과 誥命의 歷史的 意味

Abstract

Despite the high historical significance of the Joseon's seal(印章) and Bongjeon(封典), there are few concrete studies to date. In this regard, this study attempted a practical approach to the historical meaning of seal and Bongjeon in the Joseon. Since many Kings of the Joseon received the Gomyong and Seal and the completion of Bongjeon, they were accompanied by very intense diplomatic activities. Nevertheless, this study was conducted because a summary of seal and Bongjeon was needed. Joseon had to complete the Bongjeon by receiving Gomyong(誥命) and Seal from China (Ming and Qing) in order to establish external stability and internal rule of order. Bongjeon is the official king of the Joseon externally, the recognition of Joseon in the international order centered in China, and means that the relationship between the two countries is normalized. Bongjeon means that the king of Joseon is officially rewarded externally and is recognized by Joseon in an international order centered on China, and normalizes diplomatic relations between Joseon and China. In addition, Joseon was granted royal authority from China internally to secure the legitimacy of government. In the Joseon Dynasty, Bongjeon was achieved by receiving Gomyong and Seal. Gomyong is a document proving the status of the king, and Seal is a seal that symbolizes the authority of the king. Immediately after its founding, Joseon informed the Ming of its founding and requested Gomyong and Seal. However, Joseon did not complete Bongjeon from the TaeJo(太祖) period to the Jeongjong(定宗) period because Joseon and the Ming conflicted over the influence of liaodong(遼東) and Jurchen(女眞). Joseon achieved Bongjeon with the Gomyong and Seal as an opportunity for the Ming during the Taejong(太宗) period. The seals of the Joseon Dynasty were ‘the seal of the King of Joseon(朝鮮國王之印)’ received from the Ming, ‘the seal of the State(國璽)’ used for state rule, and ‘the official seal(官印)’ required for administration. Among these, ‘the seal of the King of Joseon(朝鮮國王之印)’ is called ‘a treasure of great value(大寶)’, symbolizes the king of Joseon internally and externally, and was used in major ruling and diplomatic documents. In addition to ‘the seal of the King of Joseon(朝鮮國王之印)’, Joseon created and used various types of ‘the seal of the State(國璽)’ for government. The Joseon implemented foreign policy to receive the Gomyong and Seal, which was essential for national rule and security. oseon actively developed diplomatic activities to achieve Bongjeon in accordance with changes in international order and domestic situation. Above all, Bongjeon was relatively easily achieved when the succession of the king's throne was normal, but Bongjeon was very difficult if he succeeded to the throne rather than restoration(反正) or not the eldest son. In the Joseon, there were many diplomatic cases involving Bongjeon, and Joseon regarded Bongjeon as the largest diplomatic case in China. The Joseon undertook diplomatic activities with all its power to obtain Gomyong and Seal from China. The Joseon regarded diplomatic documents in this process and was careful about the production, transmission, reception and storage of diplomatic documents. As the largest diplomatic documentary of the Joseon, “Tongmunhwigo(同文彙考)” is the best source of information on Joseon's foreign relations. “Tongmunhwigo” established Bongjeon as the first major diplomatic issue in the systematic categorization of diplomatic cases.