洪武年間 明의 封典 整備와 朝·明關係

Abstract

Last Yuan dynasty and early Ming dynasty, when resolved the social turmoil and pursued Ming world order, Emperor Hong-wu(洪武帝) improved the “bongjeon(封典) system” to establish a unified ruling system of the emperor center. As a result of political changes such as political corruption, legal discipline, civil disobedience, and the uprising of peasants before the founding of the Ming, Chu-YuanZhang(朱元璋) recognized the negative elements derived from Yuan’s governing system as a state of utter confusion. In order to establish a stable governance system, Emperor Hong-wu tried to stabilize the ruling class by serving the princes(親王), establishing various national rituals immediately after the establishment of the Ming. In the early days of the founding of Ming, the establishment of a bongjeon(封典) system was a series of institutional arrangements and political activities to establish an internal order of government and to establish a unified governmental order centered on the emperor. The bongjeon system that he gradually improved for the stability of the governing system was utilized externally to establish the Ming world order(明 中心 國際秩序). Ming has enacted a tribute system by forcing tributes and tribute to neighboring countries such as Koryo(高麗) and Anam(安南). After Hong-wu's twenty years, he pursued the stability of the Ming system, and the bongjeon system was more precisely structured and he pursued a unified ruling system centered on the emperor through the appointment of the prince. Despite the lack of military power due to active punitive war, emperor Hong-wu sought to stabilize the Ming world order by subordinating Nayaču(納哈出) forces to the Liadong(遼東), which was linked to the North Mongol(北元). Emperor Hong-wu wanted to enhance his status as an empire, and beyond the international order based on simple military or national power, to secure the discriminatory relationship between the empire and the kingdom based on the system of rites(禮制) through the bongjeon system. For this purpose, Emperor Hong-wu imitated the enfeoffment system(分封制) established by Kubilai kan(忽必烈) in the Yuan Dynasty and enforced the enfeoff of the prince, and enforced the detailed ceremonies of the bongjeon system and strictly followed them. The bongjeon system of the Ming Dynasty is composed of the establishment of the Lord(勳爵), the bureaucratic system(官制) of royal government(王府), as well as confer a posthumous title(追封), has been finely arranged to the official’s salary system(俸祿制) according to the system. Emperor Hong-wu compiled “Zuxunlu(祖訓錄: Instructions by the dynastic ancestor)”, “Zhusi zhizhang(諸司職掌: Responsibilities and Authorities of Various Offices)”, “Huang-Ming zuxun(皇明祖訓: Instructions by the ancestor of the August Ming)” to lay the foundation for the bongjeon system. The bongjeon system was established as a Suerian-Vassal(宗藩) institute in domestic terms during the Hong-wu period, but it was recognized as a Suerian-Vassal system(宗藩體制) in an external sense extending to Ming world order. The bongjeon system that was established by Emperor Hong-wu was maintained and developed continuously in the Ming Dynasty, and it was legislated as “ZongFan Treaty(宗藩條例)” in Emperor Jiajing(嘉靖帝) period. At the end of the Koryo period, Koryo had a diplomatic relationship with Ming and received bongjeon from Ming. In the late Koryo and early Joseon, as it is confirmed in the “Huang-Ming zuxun” of the emperor Hong-wu in relation to Joseon and Ming, it is confirmed as based on the system of rites(禮制) through the bongjeon system that should not be conquered. Bongjeon system based on the system of rites has been thoroughly used as a means of diplomatic pressure, resulting in various diplomatic events in the Joseon-Ming relationship. Joseon wanted to get a bongjeon from Ming to secure the legitimacy of the dynasty. On the other hand, the Ming rejected the request of Joseon and tried to secure diplomatic superiority through various diplomatic pressures. Taejong(太宗) was actively utilizing the Ming’s change of political situation to solve the bongjeon, and to finish the biggest diplomatic issue since the foundation of the Joseon. In conclusion, since the founding of Joseon, Joseon has been continuously incorporated into the Ming world order and pursued internal and external stability.