역사학 비판으로서의 서발턴 역사 ― 라나지트 구하의 역사작업에 대하여 ―
Subaltern History as Critique of History - On Ranajit Guha’s Historical Work -
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The sense of history, according to Peter Burke, has been composed of three factors since Renaissance. They are the sense of anarchism, the awareness of evidence, and the interest in causation. This sense of history is a part of European culture, and those factors are assumed to be foundational elements of the modernity of historical consciousness and representation of the past in European historiography. But, Ranajit Guha criticized this assumption in his work of subaltern history about peasant insurgencies in colonial India. He rejected the notion that Indian peasants’ rebellions were anachronic, that was, pre-political activities. Instead, he argued their insurgencies were contemporary political struggles. Guha did not explain the peasant insurgency in terms of causation, because causality as an explanatory principle of historical events, on the one hand, usually has served for the state-centered historiography and, on the other hand, has treated peasant insurgency as something caused by exterior powers such as economic exploitation and social inequality. He analysed the peasant’s own consciousness as the logic of insurgency itself. This ‘theoretical’ consciousness articulated with six categories, he maintains, gave insurgency its unity and helped to sort out its specific and separate moments. Guha argued that written evidences about peasant insurgency have carried the thought and will of the dominant elite on their discourse and that there were no rooms for subaltern’s will in them. Thus, for Guha, symptomatic reading was necessary to make these lacunae perceptible. By this reading, or by reading the evidence as a certain writing in reverse, he identified behind the spoken words in documented evidences the discourse of the silence and affirmed the presence of the peasant’s consciousness and their will.
Abstract
The sense of history, according to Peter Burke, has been composed of three factors since Renaissance. They are the sense of anarchism, the awareness of evidence, and the interest in causation. This sense of history is a part of European culture, and those factors are assumed to be foundational elements of the modernity of historical consciousness and representation of the past in European historiography. But, Ranajit Guha criticized this assumption in his work of subaltern history about peasant insurgencies in colonial India. He rejected the notion that Indian peasants’ rebellions were anachronic, that was, pre-political activities. Instead, he argued their insurgencies were contemporary political struggles. Guha did not explain the peasant insurgency in terms of causation, because causality as an explanatory principle of historical events, on the one hand, usually has served for the state-centered historiography and, on the other hand, has treated peasant insurgency as something caused by exterior powers such as economic exploitation and social inequality. He analysed the peasant’s own consciousness as the logic of insurgency itself. This ‘theoretical’ consciousness articulated with six categories, he maintains, gave insurgency its unity and helped to sort out its specific and separate moments. Guha argued that written evidences about peasant insurgency have carried the thought and will of the dominant elite on their discourse and that there were no rooms for subaltern’s will in them. Thus, for Guha, symptomatic reading was necessary to make these lacunae perceptible. By this reading, or by reading the evidence as a certain writing in reverse, he identified behind the spoken words in documented evidences the discourse of the silence and affirmed the presence of the peasant’s consciousness and their will.
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