라나지트 구하의 '서발턴 연구'와 역사학 (I) - 식민 정책과 농민 봉기의 재구성 -
Ranajit Guha’s ‘Subaltern Studies’ and Historiography (I) - Recomposing the Colonial Policy and the Peasant Insurgency -
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인도의 역사가들로 구성된 서발턴 연구집단은 식민주의 역사학, 민족주의 역사학, 전통적인 마르크스주의 역사학의 엘리트주의와 유럽 중심주의를 비판하면서 인도사를 재구성하려는 기획을 추진해 왔다. 이 기획의 문제의식을 정초하고 연구 방향을 제시한 인물이 라나지트 구하이다. 그가 서발턴 연구집단의 결성을 주도하기 전에 출간한 첫 번째 저서 『벵골을 위한 소유권의 지배』는 인도 식민지를 지배하고 있던 영국에 의해 식민 정책의 일환으로 1793년에 추진된 영대 토지 소유제의 법제화과정을 다루고 있다. 거기에서 구하는 진보적인 사상을 가진 동인도회사 엘리트들이 도입한 그 같은 근대적 토지제도가 오히려 인도에 반봉건적 지주-농민 관계를 강화시켰고, 따라서 그 엘리트들의 진보적 사상은 식민 인도에서는 식민주의적 지식으로 작동하는 역설을 보여주었다고 지적한다. 서발턴 연구집단이 결성된 직후인 1983년에 출간된 그의 두 번째 저서 『식민 인도에서 농민 봉기의 기초적 측면들』은 유럽의 역사적 경험에 기초하고 있는 마르크스주의적인 ‘아래로부터의 역사’를 탈식민화시키면서 인도의 서발턴 농민의 봉기와 의식이 전정치적인 것이 아니라 정치적인 것이었음을 강조한다. 또한 그는, 농민 봉기가 비록 부정적인 요소와 정치의식의 한계를 보여주긴 했어도 지배적인 기호 체계의 변화와 단절을 이루어 내고자 한 것이었다고 주장하면서, 농민 봉기의 역사에 대한 언어학적/기호학적 읽기를 시도한다. 이러한 구하의 역사 연구 작업은 이후의 저서들에서 민족주의와 세계사에 대한 비판으로 이어진다.
Abstract
Ranajit Guha, a leading historian of Subaltern Studies Group, has deeply influenced the writings of Indian history and the historical investigations in other countries. His first book A Rule of Property for Bengal, published in 1963, examined the land legislation of the Permanent Settlement for Bengal countryside. But it is not a study of the history of colonial policy. Guha was not concerned with the economic interests around it’s enactment, but it’s ideas that moved the colonial elite to introduce this disastrous act. His central question was how the act, grafted onto India by the enlightened elites from the most advanced capitalist country, became an instrument for a neo-feudal organization of landed property and a legal apparatus for the subjugation of Indian peasants to semi-feudal landowners. He attempted to explain this epistemological paradox and to identify the lasting effect of colonialist knowledges. So, the problematic in his first book could be related to Subaltern Studies twenty years later. Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India, published in 1983, is his second book. It has been regarded as an exemplary work of Subaltern Studies. Some reviewers have interpreted it as a kind of ‘history from below’ parallel to the works of social historians in West. Guha, however, rejected that interpretation and decolonized ‘history from below’, criticizing it’s inherent historicism and Eurocentrism. He tried to demonstrate the existence of the politics of the people-as-the subaltern, which was structurally demarcated from the politics of the elite in terms of mobilizing and organizing people.plo do this, he read against the grains of dominant discourses.plhis reverse reading, he thought, should be a clue to the antonymies which could speak for the consciousness of insurgent peasants. And Guha, in his second book, considered the insurgency as a functional change in the sign system maintained by dominant elites and read the peasants’ ok, rsive attempts to turn the lower into the hignsuras a semiotic break. His aim was not to discover new historical facts about the event called peasant insurgency, but to read the meanings of diverse signs and symbols, which appeared in the process of insurgency and were politically signified by it. In doing so, he attempted ‘a linguistic/semiological turn’ of historiography.
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