프랑스 노동시장의 이원화 문제와 청년실업에 관한 연구: 정책대응과 시사점
Dual Labor Market and Youth Unemployment: Case Study of French Labor Market
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이 연구는 프랑스의 노동시장의 이원화 현상이 청년고용 문제와 결부되어 나타나는 현상에 주목하고 이에 대한 프랑스 내의 인식과 대응정책을 분석하였다. 프랑스의 임시직 비중은 줄곧 증가추이를 보였고, 신규고용의 90%가 임시직 형태로 이루어지는 반면, 임시직의 정규직 전환율은 50% 미만이다. 이러한 임시직은 청년층에 집중되어 있고, 비자발적인 경우가 많은데, 이에 대한 원인 중 하나로 교육을 통한 노동력 공급과 노동수요 간의 불일치 현상이 지적되어 왔다. 프랑스 정부는 고용보호수준을 낮추기보다는 영리부문의 고용을 정부가 지원하고, 공공부문의 고용을 확대하는 방식으로 이 문제에 대응했다. 또한 순조로운 ‘학교→노동시장’ 이행을 위해 견습, 연수제도를 확대했다. 현재 프랑스 정부는 고용정책에 있어 고유의 특색을 유지하는 가운데, 점차 고용유연화 조치를 도입하고 있다. 프랑스 경제가 점차 안정적인 성장세를 보이고 있다는 점, 중도우파 성향 정부의 집권초기라는 점은 고용개혁에 유리한 여건이라고 할 수 있으나, 2018년 말 ‘노란 조끼(gilet jaune)’ 시위에서 볼 수 있듯이 사회적 합의를 위한 어려운 과정을 거칠 것으로 예상된다.
Abstract
This study examines the dual labor market in France and its association with the youth employment. It investigates also how the duality of labor market is perceived in France and how French governments have responded to this problem. The share of temporary workers in the total employment in France has been increasing, while it is still lower than other European countries. The temporary contract accounts for almost 90% of new employment contract and its transition rate to the permanent contract is below 50%. This type of fragile contracts dominates the youth employment and they are mostly involuntary. One of the main reasons for the high share of temporary employment in the youth is a mismatch between labor supply and demand in the labor market. The French governments responded to this problem in a way that the government supported employment in the commercial sector and expanded employment in the public sector, rather than lowering the level of employment protection. In addition, the apprenticeship and training have been widely used to secure a smooth transition from school to the labor market. Currently, the French government is gradually introducing employment flexibility measures while retaining its unique characteristics in employment policy. Given that the French economy has been in stable growth trend and the current government is center-right, it is expected that the labor reform would have more political support than before, while the recent demonstration of ‘gilet jaune’ reminds us that the labor reforms require a social consensus.
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