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교차제도비교(cross-institutional comparison)를 통한 정부안정성 결정인자의 경험적 탐색 : 의회분절도, 대정부 항거시위 및 신뢰의 등가성 평가

An Empirical Verification of Cross-institutional Equivalence and Measurement Validity of the Causes of Governmental Stability : Parliamentary Fractionalization, Mass Political Protest, and Trust

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정부의 지속성과 안정성에 관한 기존 연구는 거의 획일적으로 내각제를 채택하고 있는 서유럽 국가들을 대상으로 이루어졌으나, 정부의 안정성은 체제의 성격을 불문하고 가버넌스의 효율성을 확보하기 위한 핵심적 요건이기 때문에 통치구조의 안정성과 직결된다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 정부의 안정성을 체제 자체의 안정성을 측정하는 주요 지표로 간주하고, 그간 체제유형에 따라 선별적으로 채택되어 온 정부안정성 측정지표인 내각안정성(내각제)과 대정부 항거시위(대통령제)의 교차사례적 측정타당성을 확인함과 아울러, 내각안정성을 결정하는 핵심적 요인으로 판명된 의회분절도와 정치신뢰가 과연 내각제와 대통령제를 포괄하는 교차체제적 등가성을 지니고 있는가를 탐색해 보았다. 이를 위해 서유럽 14개 국가(11개 내각제ㆍ2개 준대통령제ㆍ1개 회의체제)와 여타 지역 21개 대통령제 국가 등 총 35개 국가를 대상으로 정부안정성을 결정하는 인자들을 추적하고, 그 등가성을 파악하기 위한 가설적 분석모형을 검증하였다. 검증 결과 국민적 지지기반이 정부안정의 핵심적 영향요인임을 발견하였으며, 특히 국민적 지지기반 변인 중 하나인 선거경쟁도는 내각안정성에, 또 다른 국민적 지지기반 변인인 정치신뢰는 대정부 항거시위 수준에 영향력을 행사하고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 또한 내각안정성과 대정부 항거시위는 통계적으로 유의미한 상관관계를 나타냈으며, 의회분절도는 의회가 상대적으로 더 많이 분절되어 있는 국가들의 경우 내각안정성과 독립변인들 간의 인과관계에 개입하는 변인으로서의 위상을 지니고 있음에 따라 교차체제적 등가성을 확보하고 있음이 확인되었다.

Abstract

Previous studies on the durability and stability of government have been limited in scope to the West European parliamentary democracies. Structural stability of government, however, is critical in securing effective governance, and furthermore, stability of political regime itself under any institutional arrangement. In this context, this paper purports to develop a number of cross-national, cross-institutional analytic models of governmental stability for delineating the measurement equivalence of the two widely-employed indicators of governmental stability: cabinet stability and outbreak of anti-government mass protest. In addition, the explanatory potential of parliamentary fractionalization and political trust on governmental stability has been measured in order to test their cross-national measurement validity. The result of statistical analysis shows that mass support in terms of electoral competitiveness and political trust are playing the pivotal role in explaining the cross-national variance in cabinet stability and outbreak of mass political protest, respectively. It was also disclosed that cabinet stability and outbreak of mass protest are significantly correlated, leading to the tentative conclusion that these two indicators are equivalent in measuring the stability of government across different regime types. Finally, it was found that parliamentary fractionalization functions as an intervening variable in the causal process of governmental stability, especially when there exists comparative higher degree of political cleavage within parliament.

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