유럽 방위산업의 핵심부와 주변부로의 재편에 관한 연구
A Study on the Reorganization to Core and Periphery of the European Defense Industry
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본 논문은 1990년대 탈냉전시기부터 현재에 이르기까지 유럽 역내 방산업체들 간의 무기체계 공동개발 및 공동생산, 그리고 인수합병을 통한 방산 구조조정이 왜, 그리고 어떻게 이루어져 왔고, 그 결과 유럽 역내 방산구조의형태가 어떻게 변화되었는지를 분석한다. 이를 통해 향후 한국 정부가 국내방산 경쟁력을 강화시켜 나가는데 필요한 정책적 함의(시사점)가 무엇인지를살펴보는데 목적이 있다. 연구결과를 간략히 정리해 제시해 보면 다음과 같다. 냉전이후 유럽 주요 방산업체들은 미국의 유럽 방산업체 인수합병전략에대처하기 위해 유럽국가들 간의 정치연합을 구축하고, 군사장비의 생산, 획득 및 수출을 최적으로 관리하기 위한 목적으로 역내 방산시장을 통합하기위해 많은 노력을 기울였다. 그러나 미국의 방산통합이 대부분 직접적인 인수합병을 통한 것이었다면, 유럽은 방산업체들 간의 수많은 종류의 사업계약(합작투자, 전략적 연합, 컨소시엄, 파트너십, 임시사업계약 등)이 있었고, 이를 토대로 인수합병을 통한 구조조정이 이루어졌다. 그 결과 유럽의 방산은크게 핵심부와 주변부의 구조를 갖는 독특한 형태의 풍경을 만들어 내었다. 핵심부와 주변부 간의 관계는 서로 협력, 혹은 경쟁하는 독특한 관계로 조직화 되어 있다. 이런 경쟁력 강화전략을 통해 미국의 글로벌 방산 지배전략에대응하고 있다. 이런 점을 감안, 앞으로 한국도 국가적 차원의 방산발전을위한 재원투자에 한계가 있음을 인식, 유럽과 유사한 방식으로 국내·외 방산업체들 간의 기술개발협력을 적극 추진해 나갈 필요가 있는 것이다.
Abstract
This study looked at the rationale and process how restructuring has been done in co-development and production as well as cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) among the European defense industries from the post-Cold War era to the present. Through the European experience of restructuring, it drew policy implications that could help the Korean government to enhance competitiveness of the domestic defense industry. The research findings were as follows. After the Cold War, major European defense industries have been aggressively pursuing defense consolidation among the European defense industries to counter the U.S.’s global M&A strategies. While most of the U.S.’s consolidation was direct M&A, in Europe, there were numerous types of business contracts, such as joint ventures, strategic alliances, consortium, partnering, ad-hoc business arrangement, etc. Based on this experience, there has been restructuring through M&A. As a result, European defense industries have created an environment of a peculiar form with core and periphery structures. Their relationships are currently organized by cooperation and competition with one another. Through this structure, European defense industries respond to the U.S. dominance in the global defense industry. With these in mind, Korea’s defense industry must actively promote international collaboration among domestic and foreign defense industries similar to European defense industries.
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