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미얀마 신정부하 군부의 역할 변화: 통치자에서 수호자로

The Myanmar Military's Roles Changing under the New Government: From the Ruler to a Guardian

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초록

이 글의 목적은 신정부 하 미얀마 군부의 역할과 기능을 정치, 군사, 경제적 측면에서 고찰하고, 이를 토대로 군부의 위상이 어떻게 변화했으며 향후 군부의 미래를 가늠하는 것이다. 이를 위해 군부의 제도적 자율성, 즉 실질적 측면에서 내각의 구성 성분, 국방 예산, 군조직과 엘리트 채용 등으로 고찰한다. 제도적으로는 헌법을 비롯하여 행정부와 의회 내에서 군부의 역할을 중점적으로 다루었다. 미얀마는 아직까지 내전이 종식되지 않은 국가로서 국방과 치안에서 군부의 역할은 민간에 대해 배타적인 자율성을 유지하지만, 군과 경찰의 분리가 시작되었다. 내전이 종식되지 않는 한 군부는 국방 영역에서 민간으로부터 완전히 분리된 그들만의 예약된 영역을 유지할 것이다. 마지막으로 신정부 출범 이후 군부의 경제활동은 다양한 제약을 수반하지만, 경제활동이야말로 군부의 존재감을 지속적으로 유지할 수 있는 주요 변수가 될 것이다. 2015년 11월 총선 결과에 따라 군부의 역할과 기능은 재조정될 것이다. 특히 정치와 경제부문에서 군부의 영역은 축소될 가능성이 크지만, 국방과 치안은 여전히 군부가 중심이 될 가능성이 크다. 정치와 경제적으로 군부는 대부분의 사항에서 조건부 종속의 형태가 될 것이며, 군사적으로는 군부 통치 형태에서 군부 통제 형태로 나아갈 것으로 전망된다.

Abstract

The aim of this article is to prospect the future of military by exploring its political, military and economical function changing under the new government. For that purpose, it is needed to study institutional autonomy and substantial changes in the armed forces. This study hence explored military roles in constitution as well as in both the administration and parliament from a perspective of institutional autonomy. Its focus is given to such variables as cabinet members, military budget, military structure and cadets recruit. As Myanmar is a country whose civil war has not been yet ended, the military's role in national defense and internal security still has considerable autonomy from the civilian. And it is also true that the military is being separated from politics under the new government. Even so, economic activities of the military are a pivotal factor, whereby keeping its power position, although there are some barriers having appeared since the new government. After the general elections on November 2015, it would be expected to reassign the military to changed functions and roles. If the role of the military decreases in the domain of politics and economy, it will try to protect its autonomy in the field of national defense and internal security.

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