미얀마의 정치적 자유화와 정당정치: 미얀마식 민주주의를 향하여?
Political Liberalization and Party Politics in Myanmar: Towards Myanmar Style Democracy?
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이 글은 신정부 출범 이후 미얀마가 추진하는 정치적 자유화와 그 이면에 나타는 문제를 규율민주주의의 틀에서 진단하고, 이를 토대로 신정부에서 기대할 수 있는 정치체제의 형태와 그 특성을 도출하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 규율민주주의는 군부가 정치질서의 핵심이 되는체제를 뒷받침하는 이념으로써 아시아의 권위주의를 바탕으로 미얀마식 군부권위주의를 옹호하는 새로운 역사해석으로 탄생했다. 그러나 떼잉쎄인 대통령을 필두로 하는 신정부의 정치적 자유화는 신군부가 주창했던 규율민주주의와 정면으로 대치되었다. 보궐선거패배 이후 여당 내에서는 규율민주주의를 고수하는 강경파와 현실정치에 천착하는 개혁파 인사들의 대결이 목도되었다. 즉 규율민주주의는 실적에 의한 정당성과 무관하며 동시에 신정부의 개혁개방과 양립할 수 없는 군부정권의 유산이다. NLD로 대표되는 야당은 신군부가 주창한 규율민주주의에 반대하는 입장이 분명하지만 미얀마의 특수성이 반영되는 정치체제를 지향함으로써 자유민주주의와 괴리감을 보인다. 특히 도덕주의에서 실용주의로 노선을 변화시키는 가운데 아웅산수찌는 당원의 동의와 정강을 존중하지 않고 독단적으로 의사를 결정해 왔다. 또한 50년 간 권위주의 환경에 길들여졌기 때문에 NLD는 민주주의를 지향하지만 민주주의에 대한 이해도는 매우 낮고, 다른 야당에 대한 배타성은 높은 편이다. 위와 같은 배경에서 2015년 총선이 실시되기 전까지 미얀마의 규율민주주의는 해체 또는 소멸의 단계를 향하겠지만, 군부의 주도적 정치참여를 배제하는 또 다른 형태의 권위주의가 도래할 가능성이 크다. 즉 구조적으로 민주주의체제는 달성될 수 있으나 작동방식은 권위주의적 질서인 혼합체제로써 ‘미얀마식 민주주의’가 그 실체가 될 것으로 예상된다.
Abstract
This paper explores a regime type and its character, estimating political liberalization and its problems which has been propelled by the new government in perspective of the disciplined democracy in Myanmar. The disciplined democracy is not only an supporting ideology for regime which the military must be a core in the political order, but a new historical interpretation to protect Myanmar style military authoritarianism based on the various Asian authoritarian regimes. But political liberalization of new government led by the president Thein Sein and the disciplined democracy has confronted directly. Even it is witnessed that the hard-liners who stick to the disciplined democracy and soft-liners who incline to real politics also confronted in the ruling part after the fiasco of the by-elections in April 2012. It is said that the disciplined democracy is irrelevant to performance legitimacy and also an heritage of an old military regime which is not compatible with the policies of the new government. While the opposition parties represented by the NLD clearly oppose to the disciplined democracy, they are also far away from the liberal democracy as aims to the political regime based on the particularity of Myanmar. Especially, Aung San Suu Kyi has dogmatically decided to various matters without respecting the party platform and agreeing to party members in the stage of changing the political strategy from the moralism to realism. The NLD inclines to democracy, but understanding of democracy is too low, and exclusiveness for other opposition parties including social forces is too high because it has passed 50 years for military rule. In conclusion, the disciplined democracy will ahead to dissolution or extinction stage before holding the general elections in 2015, another authoritarian regime, which is to exclude military leading political participation, comes into in the near future. It is expected the Myanmar style democracy as a hybrid regime that democracy will achieve structurally, but operation manner is authoritarian order.
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