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미얀마 2020: NLD 총선 승리의 시사점과 평화-민주주의-발전의 위기

Myanmar 2020:Examining the Unsettling Dynamics of Peace, Democracy and Development since the NLD’s Electoral Victory

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이 연구는 팬데믹으로 멈춘 미얀마 사회의 표면적인 모습과 달리 뜨겁게 끓어올랐던 2020년 미얀마 정치사회의 동학을 집중적으로 조명하였다. 이를 위해 아웅산수찌와 NLD 개혁의 핵심과제인 헌법 개정, 평화협상, 경제발전의 성과와 한계를 소개하고, 2020년 총선의 배경, 예측, 결과 및 시사점을 차례로 분석하고자 한다. 특히 총선 이후 군부 및 소수민족 정당들의 총선 무효 주장이 등장한 NLD 집권 2기의 불안한 집권 2기의 과제를 재조명하고자 하였다. 현실적으로 2020년 상반기 NLD 정부의 성적표는 초라하였다. 2017년 이후 로힝자 인권 문제에 대한 국제사회의 비판이 거세짐에 따라 외국인직접투자가 감소해왔고 경제성장률도 매해 감소한데 이어, 2020년 하반기에는 팬데믹 확산으로 2010년 이후 최악의 경제상황을 맞이하였다. 아웅산수찌와 NLD의 국가 개혁의 핵심과제인 헌법 개정을 성공하지 못했으며, 소수민족 정당과의 평화 과정의 최종 결과는 만족스럽지 못했다. 그러나 국제성장의 둔화, 헌법 개정의 실패, 진전없는 평화협상의 결과에도 불구하고, 11월 8일 미얀마는 아웅산수찌와 NLD에게 총선의 압승을 내주었다. 아웅산수찌의 대중적 인지도, 성공적인 온라인 선거 전략과 청년세대의 참여, 군부에 대한 대중의 거부감과 공포와 같은 복합적인 원인이 작용하여 NLD는 총 920석(상원 138석, 하원 258석, 지방 524석)을 확보하는 압승을 거두었다. 한편 헌법 개정, 평화협성 과정 중에 군부 내의 NLD에 대한 불만을 수년간 축적되었다. 총선에서 71개의 의석만 확보하는데 그친 USDP도 부정선거를 주장하고 재선거를 요구하며 아웅산수찌와 NLD의 리더십에 타격을 주고자 하였다. NLD의 총선 승리의 축제로 마무리된 격동의 2020년은 지고, 2021년민흘라잉 총사령관을 중심으로 하는 군부의 조직적인 쿠데타로 새해를 맞게 되었다. 민주주의에 대한 열망과 시민불복종을 외치며 길거리로 나온 미얀마 시민들에게 어떠한 대안을 제시 할 수 있는지, 아웅산수찌와 NLD 지도부는 다시 엄중한 정치시험대에 올랐고, 국제사회는 실효성있는 연대와 협력이라는 큰 외교적 도전을 맞이하게 되었다.

Abstract

Since the strong civilian turn out in Myanmar’s “COVID-19 elections” on November 11 2020 and the landslide victory for Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s League for Democracy (NLD) party, this review paper investigates the heated dynamics between the NLD, ethnic political parties and Myanmar’s military (Tatmadaw) throughout 2020. The review first analyzes the relatively disappointing results of the Myanmar’s “first civilian government” administration’s reform in 2020 - pushing economic development, deepening peace-building process, and fast-forwarding constitutional reforms. Then, the paper connections the recent development of peace, democracy and development with various contextual aspects of the victory of the NLD in the 2020 elections. Rather than dwelling on the victory of the NLD itself, the author emphasizes the importance of paying a closer attention to the unsettling process of building tensions and agitation between Daw Aung San Suu Kyi-NLD and the Tatmataw in 2020 around the critical issues of constitutional reforms, growing powers of the NLD administrations, shifting military roles in the peace and national development dialogue as well as a military leadership change. Meanwhile, the 2020 election victory turned sour rather abruptly as the Tatmadaw initiated the coup on February 1, 2021. At the beginning of 2021, regardless of Myanmar citizens’ strong aspirations for democracy and development, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi-NLD’s authoritarian led democratization are once again under a threat of the rules of the military regime. At the same time, this much-hyped Myanmar’s democratic transitions in the 2020-2021 period also provides an uneasy diplomatic test for various multilateral, regional, and bilateral partners of Myanmar.

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