경쟁 위협과 자기자본비용
Competitive Threats and Cost of Equity Capital
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[연구목적] 본 연구에서는 기업의 사업보고서의 비계량적 정보에 기반한 경쟁 변수인 기업의경쟁 위협과 자기자본비용 간의 관계를 분석하고자 한다. 선행연구에 의하면 기업 간 경쟁이 치열해질수록 기업의 이익이 줄어들고 변동성이 높아지기 때문에 부도 위험이 증가할 수 있지만, 또 한편으로는 이러한 경쟁이 외부의 감독(monitoring) 역할을 하게 되어 경영진과 주주간의 대리인 위험을 감소시켜 정보비대칭 위험이 줄어들 수도 있다. 따라서 기업이 직면한 경쟁 정도는자기자본비용에 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 이는 실증분석의 대상이 된다. [연구방법] Hoberg et al.(2014)에 의해 개발된 기업 수준의 경쟁 위협 변수(Fluidity)를 이용하여기업이 직면한 경쟁과 자기자본비용 간의 관계를 살펴본다. 또한, 매출 상위기업이나 이익 상위기업은 경쟁의 선도자(leaders)로서 해당 기업이 제공하는 정보는 독점정보의 공시비용(proprietary cost)이 클 것으로 예상되므로, 매출(이익)의 상위기업으로서 매출액(혹은 당기순이익) 기준으로상위 10%와 25%에 속하는 기업에 더미변수를 부여하여 기업의 경쟁 변수와 자기자본비용 간의관계에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 분석한다. [연구결과] 본 연구에서는 경쟁 위협이 심해질수록 자기자본비용이 감소하는 결과를 제시한다. 이는 경쟁이 치열해질수록 경영진과 주주간의 대리인 위험을 감소시켜 정보비대칭 위험이 줄어들기 때문이라고 해석할 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 관계는 매출(이익) 측면에서 선도 기업에서는반대로 나타나고 있다, 즉, 매출(이익)의 상위 기업의 경우 독점정보의 공시비용 때문에 경쟁이심해질수록 자기자본비용이 증가한다는 결과를 제시한다. [연구의 시사점] 본 연구는 정보위험 관점에서 기업 수준의 경쟁 위협과 자기자본비용 간의 관계를 실증분석한 후, 기업이 경쟁의 선도기업인지 여부에 따라 이들 간의 관계가 다름을 보인최초의 연구이다. 경쟁에서 기업의 위치에 따라 정보위험 역시 달라진다는 것을 시사하고 있다.
Abstract
[Purpose] This study investigates the relation between the firm-level competition using qualitative information based on financial statements and the implied cost of equity capital. While some studies suggest that intensified competition may lead to distress risk due to a decreased profit or its uncertainty, other studies suggest that competition may play a monitoring role and hence decrease information risk caused by the reduced agency problem between manager and owners. Therefore, competition may be related to the cost of equity capital. [Methodology] As a proxy for firm-level competition, we use Fluidity developed by Hoberg et al.(2014) and examine the relation between a firm’s competition and its cost of equity capital. In addition, we divide firms into industry leaders and industry followers based on sales or profit, and then reexamine the relation between firm-level competition and cost of equity capital for the industry leader companies because the leader companies tend to be reluctant to provide their information due to proprietary costs. [Findings] This study provides evidence of the negative relation between firm-level competition and cost of equity capital, suggesting that information asymmetry decreases as competition intensifies. However, for the leader companies, we find the positive relation between firm-level competition and cost of equity capital due to proprietary costs. [Implications] We shed light on information risk in the relation between the firm-level competition and cost of equity capital. This is the first paper to show that the relation between the firm-level competition and cost of equity capital can be different depending on the firm’s competitive status.
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