영제국의 대학 개발 정책, 1943-1948 - 아프리카 골드코스트 식민지를 중심으로 -
The University Developing Policy of the British Empire, 1943-1948 - A Reassessment of the Establishment of the University College of the Gold Coast -
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영제국의 식민지 대학설립은 식민지 개발정책의 한 축이었으나 농업 ‧ 의학 분야의 개발과는 달리 역사학계에서 큰 주목을 받지 못하였다. 이 글은 대학개발 담론을 식민지 개발정책의 연장선에서 서아프리카 골드코스트 식민지 (현재, 가나) 사례를 중심으로 분석한다. 식민부의 보고서, 각종 문서, 주요 신문기사를 고찰하여 골드코스트 대학의 설립과정을 살펴보고, 일방적인 문화제국주의 관점에 근거한 식민지 대학개발의 평가를 교정하며, 이 대학의 설립이 식민지인의 여론을 바탕으로 식민지 정부가 주도한 새로운 대학개발 정책이었음을 제안한다. 골드코스트 대학의 설립과정은 영제국 내에서 잘 알려지지 않았던 식민지 정부의 역할을 말해준다. 식민지의 전쟁기여에 대한 보상으로 실시된 개발정책에도 불구하고 더 많은 혜택을 원하던 식민지의 요구는 강하였지만 개발사업은 여전히 본국의 이해관계가 관철된 정책이었다. 반면 제국의 주변부의 식민지 관리들은 점차 식민지인의 요구를 간과할 수 없음을 깨닫고, 개발사업의 집행과정에 현장의 관점을 반영하게 된다. 이 대학의 설립 과정은 영제국의 본국과 식민지 정부의 충돌과 협상을 보여주는 사례라고 할 수 있다. 식민지 정부는 대학개발 정책집행을 주도하며, 1940년대 영제국의 영향력을 골드코스트에서 지탱할 수 있게 한 주요 역할(agency)을 담당하였다.
Abstract
This work aims to reassess the establishment of University College of the Gold Coast in the context of British imperial history. Although developing higher education was one of the main parts of colonial development, it had surprisingly less received historians' attention comparing to agriculture and medicine development. By analysing reports, correspondences and circulations by the Colonial Office and newspapers in Britain and the Gold Coast from 1943 to 1945, this article challenges to an assesment of colonial university as a point of view of cultural imperialism. Then this suggests that the colonial government made a new policy for the founding of a university in the Gold Coast by supporting to the colony's opinion. The process of establishment of the university in the Gold Coast highlights less known role of the colonial government within the Empire. Despite the fact that the colonial development was undertaken as a reward for the wartime effort, the demand of colonies was more vocal rather than the Colonial Office's reformation. However the policy for colonial university was still a scheme for the metropolitan interests. Whilst colonial officials, who were keeping the Empire in periphery, noticed that they were not able to overlook the colony's demand and better-designed university developing through interactions with the core. This case of establishing the university shows clashes and negotiations between core and periphery in the British Empire. The success of founding the university can be reassessed in that the colonial government was the main agency in the Gold Coast for undertaking the development policy and maintaining the Empire's control in the 1940s.
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