1960년대 영국 고등교육의 발전 ―‘신흥 대학교(New University)’를 중심으로―
The Development of British Higher Education during the 1960s'
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제2차 세계대전 이후에 영국의 고등교육 분야에서는 변화의 움직임이 나타나기 시작하였다. 1950년대를 거치면서 간헐적으로 나타난 변화의 징후는 1960년대에 이르러 커다란 변혁을 일으키게 되었다. 이 시기에 7개의 ‘신흥 대학교들(new universities)’이 설립되었는데, 이들의 등장에 힘입어 1960년대 영국의 고등교육 분야는 그 규모가 거의 곱절에 이를 정도로 성장하였다. 이들 신흥 대학교들은 기존 대학교들과는 달리 모든 비용을 국비로 충당한 ‘국립 대학교’였던 반면에 대학 운영 면에서 자율을 누렸다. 대학교육의 양적 확대라는 외적인 목표에 더하여 고등교육 분야의 내적인 변혁을 시도한 것이었다. 따라서 이들 신흥 대학교들의 등장 배경과 특징, 그리고 그 역할을 살펴보는 것은 제2차 세계대전 후 영국 고등교육 분야의 발전상을 이해하는 데 중요한 관건이 된다. 이 글에서는 1961년에 최초의 신흥 대학교로 등장한 서식스 대학교(Sussex University)를 중심으로 이 문제를 고찰하고 있다.
Abstract
The university education of Britain had been kept its tradition since the establishment of Oxbridge in the twelve century without any notable change until the emergence of several civic universities during the late nineteenth century among the industrial cities situated at the northern area of England. However, the real large-scale changes in the British higher education system began after the Second World war, above all, during the period of 1960s' when the so-called ‘seven new universities’ inclusive of Sussex University, the first university among them, were established. They contributed to expand the number of university students nearly up to the double during the 1960s’. Why did these new type of higher education institution emerge? One of the reasons was the rapid increase of university entrance candidates to begin in the 1960s’, which was basically originated from the baby-boom just after the Second World war. The more important reason of change existed in the tradition of British university education itself. According to Robbins report published in 1963, the British university system had some intrinsic problems such as elitist and intense competition, hierarchical structure, too narrowly specialized, and inadequate in size, etc. Under such a historical background the new universities were established at the suburb area of several provincial cities throughout England during the 1960s’. These new universities were unique in two characteristics, compared with the historical experiences of British university education. First of all they were founded by the State, with full State support from the beginning not only for their running expenses but for their capital outlay on buildings and equipment as well. Secondly, they enjoyed the right from their foundation of granting their new degrees and determining their own development such as curricula, methods of assessment, university structure and administrative organization. It means that they had from the beginning both the capacity and the liberty to experiment in every aspect of university education. Therefore, the consideration of these new universities was very important not only in terms of the expansion of student numbers but also in terms of having the opportunity to carry out substantial innovations in British higher education system. This article is researching the historical background of their emergence, their unique characteristics, and their role and influence, focusing on the example of Sussex university.