영국 원자력발전 조직체계의 구축, 1945-1965
The Establishment of the Atomic Energy System in Britain, 1945-1965
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종전 이후 원자력과 관련해 영국정부의 관심은 원폭개발에 있었다. 신속한 원자력법 제정에 힘입어 영국은 1950년대 초반 원폭실험에서 성공했다. 1953년부터 정부는 민수용 원전(原電) 개발에 주목했다. 덕분에 1956년 10월경 독자적 설계와 기술을 바탕으로 세계 최초의 민수용 원전을 건립할 수 있었다. 이어서 향후 10년 이내에 12개의 원전을 건설한다는 야심찬 원전진흥계획을 천명했다. 이러한 원전 조직체계의 형성기에 발전을 주도한 기구는 1954년 7월 설립된 영국원자력청(UKAEA)이었다. 이는 산하에 각종 원자력 관련 연구소 및 시설을 거느린 채 원전 관련 업무를 거의 전담했다. 실질적으로는 ‘영국 원전 3인방’이라고 불린 콕크로프트, 힌튼, 그리고 페니가 핵심적 책임자로서 활동했다. 점차 UKAEA의 예산과 조직 규모가 크게 늘어나면서 1957년 가을 윈드스케일 원전 화재사고가 암시하듯이 통제력에 한계를 드러내기도 했다. 이러한 맥락에서 원전개발 초기부터 1960년대 중반까지 영국에서 어떻게 원전 조직체계가 출현하게 됐는지 그리고 그 과정에서 드러난 특징들은 무엇인지를 고찰하는 것이 본고의 목적이다. 이를 위해 원폭개발과 원자력연구단지 설치, 원폭에서 원전으로의 전환 및 이를 위한 전담조직 설립, 그리고 원전산업의 확대 등을 중점적으로 검토할 것이다.
Abstract
In October 1945, shortly after the end of the war, the British Government announced its intentions to initiate an R&D programme in atomic energy. As the first step, it decided to set up an Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell in Oxfordshire. Once the Soviet Union successfully launched its first atomic bomb test in late 1949, the pace of atomic development increased dramatically. By early 1952, two plutonium production reactors and one chemical separation plant were completed at Windscale. In October 1952, the first bomb was tested at Monte Bello off the west coast of Australia. The production of cheap and abundant nuclear energy was the ultimate goal of the Britain. The plans for the development of civil power reactors were announced in 1953. Until this point, research was aimed to develop atomic weapons. To support the new purpose, the UKAEA was created in July 1954 under the provision of the 1954 Atomic Energy Authority Act. From its inception, the Authority became Britain's largest and best-known research organization, responsible for thousands of scientists and engineers. On 8 October 1957, a disastrous fire broke out in one of the plutonium production piles at Windscale. At the conclusion of the investigation, Authority Health and Safety Branch was established in July 1959 to advise on the formulation of health and safety policies and to monitor the Atomic Energy Authority's growing number of facilities. The Government also established a Nuclear Installations Inspectorate to license the commercial nuclear facilities under the Nuclear Installations (Licensing and Insurance) Act which created the Inspectorate in April 1960. Thus, by the early 1960s, the UKAEA grew considerably, and the atomic energy system was established.
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