영국의 산업화와 육아 문제의 담론과 현실 - 19세기 전반기 중부 지역의 영유아 대상 마약제제 사용을 중심으로 -
Industrial Cities and Infant Care Problems in Britain - Medical Discourses and Realities of Child-drugging in the Midlands -
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본 연구에서는 19세기 초중반 영국 산업도시의 육아 과정에서 나타나는 ‘영유아 대상의 마약제제 사용’의 관례를 다룬다. 특히 마약제제 중에서 영유아 대상 약으로 18세기부터 폭넓게 소비되었던 고프리약과 관련한 논의와 담론에 주목한다. 지역적으로는 주로 잉글랜드 중부지역에서 나타나는 특유한 육아의 패턴을 다루고자 하며, 그 주요 사례로서 노팅엄과 레스터, 더비를 포함하는 중부 편물산업 지역 여성의 육아 관례에서 나타나는 영유아 대상 마약제제 사용의 특징과 그 의미에 대하여 논의한다. 구성상, 19세기 초중반까지 영국에서 일반 마약 소비 양상이 어떠하였는지를 알아보고, 고프리약의 기원과 당시의 명성 및 그 약제로서의 특징을 알아볼 것이다. 그리고 고프리약의 전국적으로 소비되는 가운데 중부 지역에서 어떤 방식으로 소비되기 시작했는지를 탐색하면서 이에 대한 의료인들의 인식과 담론을 살펴볼 것이다. 여기에서는 특히 19세기 중부 편물산업지역의 산업과 고용형태의 특징은 무엇이며, 그 속에서 산업노동과 가사노동의 공동주체로서의 여성의 역할이 어떠한 방식으로 규정되고 수행되었는지에 주목한다.
Abstract
This article deals with the infant-care problem in industrial cities during the Industrial Revolution, by illuminating the interrelations between child-drugging and the role of women within the domestic industry of hosiery and lace in the Midlands. It starts with a brief account of the use of opium in Britain and the famous patent opiate called Godfrey’s Cordial between the eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century. In the following section, it poses a question about the distinctive pattern of the administration of opium to infants in the form of the Godfrey’s Cordial in the hosiery and lace manufacturing cities within the East Midlands during the early and mid-nineteenth century. The main factors affecting the family economy of knitters and their infant care system among the two Midland counties of Nottingham and Leicester are analyzed, with emphasis on the family wage, female employment, the working routine of female runners in the domestic industry of hosiery and lace manufacture. The background and outcomes of the increase in the use of the Godfrey’s Cordial and laudanum in the frame-knitters’ and lace-runners’ families are examined to a considerable extent especially through the lens of medical practitioners investigating the Midlands. The paper then provides a series of key elements causing problems in family economy of frame-work knitters and lace-runners, and illustrative cases of their extreme distress and physical and moral problems leading to the practice of administering opium to infants in those two counties during the first half of the nineteenth century.
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