중부 산업도시의 작업 공간과 작업 환경의 문제―19세기 전반기 노팅엄(Nottingham)을 중심으로―
The Problem of Workplace and Working Environment in a Midland Industrial City in England―With Special Reference to Nottingham in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century―
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본 연구에서는 중부 산업도시인 노팅엄의 주요 산업이었던 양말 산업과 레이스 산업의 작업 공간을 중심으로 노팅엄이 산업도시로 자리 잡는 과정을 다루고자 한다. 시기적으로는 1820년대를 기준으로 두 편물산업의 발전과 변화과정을 논의하면서 그 주요 작업 공간들의 양상과 노팅엄의 도시 공간 구성, 확장과의 연관성을 밝히고자 한다. 이들 양 산업은 구체적으로 어떠한 종류의 작업 공간 속에서 운영되었으며, 이들 공간이 각각의 편물산업의 노동 과정―조직, 혹은 특유의 작업 방식―과 작업 환경을 어떻게 반영하는가? 그리고 그 주요 작업 공간이 도심과 외곽에 분포되는 양상은 어떠하며, 이것이 각각의 산업의 쇠퇴, 발전과 어떻게 결부되었고, 또 노팅엄의 근대 도시공간의 형성과는 어떤 관련을 갖는가? 본고에서는 무엇보다 이들 편물산업의 주요 작업 공간들의 면면을 상세히 서술하고, 이를 통해 근대 산업화 속에서 산업과 공간이 서로 어떻게 서로 영향을 미치는지, 그리고 이 과정에서 중부 도시인 노팅엄의 정체성이 어떻게 형성되는지, 또 이러한 노팅엄의 사례가 영국 근대 도시화 과정에서 도시공간과 도시민의 작업 공간 문제에 대해 어떠한 시사를 주는지를 논의하고자 한다.
Abstract
The article is a study of workplace and working environment in early and mid-nineteenth century Nottingham, to illuminate the interrelations between urban space, and workplace in the context of industrialization and urbanization in a midland industrial city. This research aims to take up recent concerns with space analysis in urban history and relates urban space to the workplace, with reference to Nottingham hosiery and lace. It begins by posing a question about the peculiar pattern of population, industrialization, and employment during the first half of the nineteenth century in Nottingham with a brief introduction of its urban space problem resulted from the failure to resolve the enclosure question. In the following sections, the main factors affecting the formation and control of workplace are analyzed, with emphasis on the 1820’s. The paper then provides a more detailed description on the city’s staple industries’ working spaces and working environment problem. Topics discussed are the domestic system in the hosiery trade, conditions of frame-knitter’s attic workshops in their homes, outworkers such as chevening women’s houses, other small workshops in hosiery industry; machine manufacture, stall system, factories, lace-finishing workshops like dressing rooms, warehouses, Factory acts, and Workshops' Acts in lace industry. An attempt to map and analyze the boundaries of the two industries of hosiery and lace within urban space of Nottingham is also made. The paper attempts to illustrate the nature of urban space and working space in the staple industries of early and mid-nineteenth century Nottingham, the way in which they influenced one another, and the extent to which they depicted various aspects of the city’s industrialization and people’s working environment in it.
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