사양 산업의 그림자- 영국 산업혁명기 편물공 가정의 일상과 신체 질환의 문제 -
The Shadow of a Declining Industry - Problems of Family Economy of Framework Knitters and Their Physical Condition in Britain during the Industrial Revolution -
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참고문헌
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초록
본고는 공장제의 압도적 범람 속에서 가내수공업 체제를 오랫동안 유지하며 사양화되었던 편물산업을 중심으로 영국의 산업혁명기 사양산업 노동인구의 일상과 보건의 문제를 다룬다. 18세기 말에서 19세기 전반기, 증기기관과 본격적인 기계화 과정에서 탈락하는 양말편물업의 상황과 그 배경을 주요 맥락으로 제시하고, 편물공과 그 가족들이 그처럼 장기간 지속되었던 생활수준의 악화를 어떻게 실감하고 있었는지, 또한 이 같은 빈곤의 문제가 가족 구성원의 신체와 일상에 구체적으로 어떠한 영향을 주었는지에 대해 상세한 서술과 다각적인 분석을 제공하는 것이 목표다. 구성상 18세기 중반부터 19세기 초까지 편물산업의 침체와 노동일상의 변화를 노정하는 한 편물공의 자전적 내러티브를 출발점으로 삼아, 19세기 중반까지 이어지는 편물산업의 변화와 그 내부적인 문제들을 짚어가며 편물공 생애의 궤적을 살펴볼 것이다. 이와 함께 편물노동자와 그 가족들, 그리고 편물산업의 내부 상황에 대해 특별한 관찰의 기회를 가졌던 주요 증언자들의 기록들을 통해, 편물공 가정의 일상에서 드러나는 극단적 빈곤과 가정경제의 위기, 그리고 그 결과로서 드러나는 외형의 변화, 다양한 신체상의 이상 징후, 특정 질환 등을 논의한다.
Abstract
This article deals with the physical condition of the frame-work knitters in the British hosiery industry through the Industrial Revolution, by illuminating the interrelations between enduring poverty and the health of the labourers. It starts with an autobiographic account of a knitter to observe the long-term changes of wages and labour in the hosiery industry between the mid-eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century. In the following section, it poses a question about the distinctive pattern of Kintters' life and the major changes in the hosiery manufacturing within the East Midlands between the mid-eighteenth century and the mid-nineteenth century. The main factors affecting the family economy of knitters and their physical condition among the two Midland counties of Nottingham and Leicester are analyzed, with emphasis on the wage, clothing, dwellings, employment, labour, and the effect of the distressing poverty in particular. The background and outcomes of the decrease in knitters' wages and crisis of their family economy are examined to a considerable extent. The paper then provides a series of key elements causing problems in frame-work knitters' family economy and illustrative cases of their extreme distress and physical problems in those two counties during the first half of the nineteenth century. Topics discussed are underemployment, the lack of the necessaries of life, poverty of diet (propriety of diet), the practice of pawning, the long hours of work (excess of labour), the irregularity of labour, and various prevailing diseases; short-sightedness, amaurosis, cataract, debility, dyspepsia, and fever. The paper attempts to illustrate the relationship between long-standing poverty and physical condition during the Industrial Revolution in the East Midlands, to understand the deplorable state of the knitter's family in a declining industry of the prefactory hosiery and its effects onto their appearance and health (physical power).
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