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영국 산업 도시의 유아 사망 및 아동 살해 문제-19세기 영국 의료인들의 논의를 중심으로-

Infant Mortality and Child-Murder in British Industrial Cities -Medical opinion on its causes and resolutions in the Nineteenth century-

박찬영
영국사학회|2019.12|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제42호|pp. 151-192|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..42.201912.151

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참고문헌

키워드

의사infant mortality아편doctorinfanticideopium검시관영아살해coronerpoison독약산업도시industrial cities유아사망률
주제분류역사학

초록

본 연구는 19세기 영국 의료인들의 시각을 중심으로 ‘영유아 및 아동의 사망과 살해’의 문제가 공론화되는 과정을 다룬다. 최초의 산업국가인 영국에서 19세기 초중반, 다양한 사회문제에 대한 인식의 전환이 일어나는 과정에서 ‘아동의 사망 및 살해 문제’가 어떠한 방식으로 수면 위로 떠오르게 되는지를 논의하고자 한다. 아동사망의 실태는 얼마나 심각했으며, 또 그 조사와 접근방식은 어떠하였는지, 특히 정부와 전문 의료인들이 내놓은 원인 규명 및 해결책은 어떠하였는지 등을 다룸으로써 그 본격적인 문제의식이 조성되는 과정을 알아볼 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 19세기 유아사망률의 추이와 특성을 분석하고 아동사망에 대한 문제의식의 맥락을 제시한다. 그리고 이를 기반으로 주로 잉글랜드 중부와 북부의 산업 도시를 대상으로 한 의료인들의 조사 사례를 통해 독살의 문제, 산업 도시 내 유아사망 증가와 고용 여성의 육아 태만과 방치 및 마약 사용 문제에 대한 당대의 논의들을 자세히 살펴본다. 이를 통해 1830~60년대 사회개혁 과정 속에서 의료인들이 전개한 ‘아동사망 및 살해 문제’의 담론이 어떻게 산업화된 도시 속 계급과 여성의 문제로 귀결되는지에 주목할 것이다.

Abstract

This article deals with infant mortality and the child-murder problem in industrial cities in nineteenth century Britain, by illuminating medical opinion on its causes and resolution with special reference to the child doping problem among employed women. It starts with a brief account of the trends and changes of infant mortality in Britain during the nineteenth century with focuses on geographical variations and social contrasts. In the following section, it poses a question about medical opinion on the problem of opium poisoning and the way in which they brought up the fact that the major proportion of opium poisoning deaths occurred among young children. It looks into the series of medical officers’ reports to the Privy Council on the excessive infant mortality in industrial cities in the North and the Midlands, and illustrates medical discussion on serious problems rising from patterns of working-class child-rearing among employed mothers. Focus will be on the danger of urban opiate use among working mothers leading to opium poisoning death and other fatal damages to children, and medical inspectors’ critical views on the mother's absence at work as the root cause of overdosing and mistakes made by unqualified child-minders in the course of administration of opium to infants. The paper then provides a series of other key elements causing the excessive infant mortality in industrial cities in the North and the Midlands ranging from the short period of absence from work after confinement, the lack of chance of mother’s milk, bad nourishment, artificial feeding(pap), the habits of nursing(professional child-minders), indifference among working mothers towards their children, fatal infant disease like diarrhea, to the increase in child-murder in certain localities. The paper attempts to illustrate the class and gender-biased medical opinion on the relation of the high infant mortality with the child-doping question during the nineteenth century in Britain to understand the gap between the parliamentary inquiries and the real culture of poverty and the economic realities of working-class life as well as working women’s struggle in industrial cities.

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