19세기 영국 백신반대 부모의 시민 됨과 “매독 아이”
Anti-Vaccination Parent’s Citizenship and the “Syphilitic Child” in Nineteenth-Century Britain
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초록
이 글은 1850년에서 1900년 사이에 영국에서 출판된 백신반대 정기간행물과 팸플릿에 나타난 “매독 아이” 문제를 중심으로 백신반대 서사가 선천매독 서사를 전유하는방식을 분석함으로써 당대 노동계급 정치에서 시민 됨이 부모 됨을 경유해 구성되는 구조를 규명하고자 한다. 이 시기의 영국에서는 영유아의 천연두 백신 접종을 의무화한 일련의 백신법 시행이 노동계급 부모를 중심으로 한 대중의 거센 반발에 부딪혔다. 백신반대 운동은 의료전문화를 전문가집단과 결탁한 국가권력의 폭정으로 규정하고 민주적이고 자연주의적 의료관을 바탕으로 한 의료 자유를 추구하였다. 이와 같은 개인 자유의추구에서 실질적으로 쟁점이 된 것은 백신의무접종법의 대상인 아동의 신체 결정권이부모에게 있는지 국가에게 있는지 여부였는데, 백신반대 서사는 노동계급 자녀의 건강을 그 부모가 수행하는 규범적 개인성의 일부로 귀속시키는 논리를 사용함으로써 국가주도 공중보건에 저항할 근거를 마련한다. 백신반대 서사에서 국가권력은 건강한 아이를 매독에 노출시키는 의료 폭정의 주체로 인식되며, 이에 따라 국가로부터 자녀를 보호하고 양육권을 행사하는 것이 노동계급 시민 주체가 수행하는 영국적 규범성의 본질로드러난다.
Abstract
This article examines the anti-vaccination periodicals and pamphlets published in England from the 1850s to the 1890s with a focus on the figure of the “syphilitic child.” In this period, a fierce anti-vaccination movement centering working-class parents emerged in England in response to a series of Vaccination Acts that made smallpox vaccines mandatory for newborns. Criticizing medical professionalization as medical tyranny and monopoly, anti-vaccination parents believed in the notion of natural health and preferred what were understood as natural healing methods, a penchant suggestive of their political pursuit for self-sufficient individuality. Anti-vaccination literature often blamed vaccines for spreading hereditary syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease that also provoked eugenic anxiety over racial degeneration in this period. For the urban working class with increasing political consciousness, a potential exposure to syphilis by mixing bodily fluids in a public vaccination station suggested a deterioration into the unclean and helpless urban masses--“the great unwashed”--or, the anti-citizen. By examining the ways in which the notion of hereditary syphilis is appropriated in anti-vaccination literature, this article reveals antivaccinationism’s self-referential rhetorical structure, a structure in which the parent’s individual integrity guarantees the child’s health and the child’s health proves the parent’s individual integrity in turn. I argue that this selfreferential logic in tension with state power sustains the anti-vaccination parent’s political agency.
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