19세기 영국의 전염병과 여성의 돌봄 노동 -‘여성위생협회’의 활동을 중심으로-
Epidemics and Women’s Care Work in 19th Century England -Focusing on the Activities of Ladies’ Sanitary Association-
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19세기 영국에서는 공업화와 도시화, 인구 밀집으로 인해 콜레라나 티푸스, 홍역, 천연두 등의 전염병이 일상화되어 도시의 공중위생을 개선하기 위한 법률이 잇따라 제정되었다. 한편 그러한 법의 영향이 미치지 않는 개별 가정의 열악한 위생 문제 역시 개인의 보건문제를 넘어 중요한 사회적 과제였다. 1857년 런던에서는 사회적 과제로서의 개별 가정의 위생 문제를 해결하기 위해 중간계급 여성들을 중심으로 자선 활동의 성격을 띠는 ‘여성위생협회(Ladies’ Sanitary Association)’가 설립되었다. “모든 계급에 위생에 관한 지식을 확산시키기 위하여” 협회는 위생 지식에 관한 소책자의 발행, 강연회·강습회의 개최, 위생 관련 도서실의 운영 등과 함께, 가정 방문 활동을 통해 각 가정에 위생 지식을 직접 전달해 나갔다. 본 연구에서는 개별 가정의 위생 문제와 영유아 사망률의 문제를 중심으로, 19세기 영국에서 가족 구성원의 보건에 대한 책임이 성별 역할 분담에 대한 고정관념에 기반해 여성에게 주로 요구되고 있던 점에 주목한다. 전염병이 만연하던 시대에 ‘여성위생협회’는 각 가정에 위생 지식을 직접 전파하며 청소나 환기, 개인 위생, 적절한 영양 섭취 등에 대한 중요성을 강조해 나갔다. 본고에서는 이러한 ‘여성위생협회’의 활동을 검토함으로써 전염병이 확산하는 시기에 돌봄 노동에 대한 의무가 여성에게만 불균등하게 요구되는 문제의 역사성과 현재성에 대해 고찰한다.
Abstract
In nineteenth-century England, epidemic diseases such as cholera, typhus, typhoid, measles, and smallpox swept through the country. This was due to the dense population of manufacturing towns which was led by industrialisation and urbanisation. As the sanitary conditions of towns became a social problem, a series of public health acts were legislated to ameliorate the situation. Insufficient reach of the acts to individual households, sanitary conditions of working-class families were at great risk of exposure to infectious diseases. Thus, the improvement of their conditions was an urgent issue not only for individual families but also for the whole society. Established in London 1857 as a substantially charitable society of middle-class women, the Ladies’ Sanitary Association endeavoured to improve sanitary conditions of working-class home. According to its initial “aims at the diffusion of Sanitary Knowledge among all classes,” the association published tracts, provided lectures and classes, ran libraries, and visited individual houses to deliver sanitary knowledge. Focusing on sanitary conditions of individual households and concern about infant mortality, this research explores that the ideology of gender division of labor required women to take most responsibility for their family members’ health. During the time of infectious diseases, cleaning, ventilation, personal hygiene, and adequate nutrition became important and the association emphasised those needs to women as their duties. Examining the association’s activities, this paper investigates the past and present of women’s heavier burden for housework and care work, especially in the period of epidemics.
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