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印度洋 貿易 네트워크 상에서의 朝貢과 互市 ― 明代 미얀마에서의 土司制度와 國境貿易 ―

Tribute(朝貢) and Hushi(互市) on the Trade Network of The Indian Ocean

한지선
명청사학회 (The Society For Ming-Qing Historical Studies)|2019.10|명청사연구 (Journal of Ming-Qing Historical Studies)|제52호|pp. 143-179|DOI 10.31329/jmhs.2019..52.005

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참고문헌

키워드

조공실크로드인도양미얀마토사朝貢호시互市土司아바왕조뚱구왕조緬甸絲紬之路阿瓦王朝東吁王朝印度洋
주제분류역사학

초록

Ming dynasty that had been established under the shadow of the Yuan Dynasty still established relations with the Indian Ocean Trade Network through hushi(互市) or junk trade. Although it executed ‘ban on maritime trade’(海禁) for security and control of people, and intended to control Overseas countries, by Combination of Tribute(朝貢) and ‘ban on maritime trade’(海禁). But it was difficult to change trade practice of Hushi which was usual and necessary in that time. Hushi continued to exist in diverse types. Between Ming Dynasty and Myanmar, the Righteous Rites of Tribute were not regular, but Hushi was naturally formed by liberal trade practice at the Indian Ocean and according to need of markets and trade and exchange were active. Irrawaddy River and Salween River that connected land to the sea were a link that connected the hinterland such as Yunnan and Bengal, the Northern area of Myanmar to Indian Oceon. In Monmit(猛養) and Tengyue(騰越) of the upper stream, there were mines that were pursued by Chinese merchants. In the Hushi that was made at the border area, local produce of Myanmar such as jades and stones and cotton were typical goods that were exported to China by Chinese and foreign merchants. Chinese people resided around or traveled towns near to Irrawaddy River. Accordingly, Commercial energy that was concentrated on development of mines in Yunnan increased further. However, needs of precious stones by the Indian Ocean zone in the middle and lower stream of Irrawaddy River were great. Precious metal including amber, ruby, gold, silver and jade were usually supplied by or through Mongmit(猛養) and Mongin(猛養). Irrawaddy River and Salween River connected Myanmar to the Indian Ocean, and Hushi in the north area of Myanmar was also expanded further through distribution of goods at the Indian Ocean trade network.

Abstract

Ming dynasty that had been established under the shadow of the Yuan Dynasty still established relations with the Indian Ocean Trade Network through hushi(互市) or junk trade. Although it executed ‘ban on maritime trade’(海禁) for security and control of people, and intended to control Overseas countries, by Combination of Tribute(朝貢) and ‘ban on maritime trade’(海禁). But it was difficult to change trade practice of Hushi which was usual and necessary in that time. Hushi continued to exist in diverse types. Between Ming Dynasty and Myanmar, the Righteous Rites of Tribute were not regular, but Hushi was naturally formed by liberal trade practice at the Indian Ocean and according to need of markets and trade and exchange were active. Irrawaddy River and Salween River that connected land to the sea were a link that connected the hinterland such as Yunnan and Bengal, the Northern area of Myanmar to Indian Oceon. In Monmit(猛養) and Tengyue(騰越) of the upper stream, there were mines that were pursued by Chinese merchants. In the Hushi that was made at the border area, local produce of Myanmar such as jades and stones and cotton were typical goods that were exported to China by Chinese and foreign merchants. Chinese people resided around or traveled towns near to Irrawaddy River. Accordingly, Commercial energy that was concentrated on development of mines in Yunnan increased further. However, needs of precious stones by the Indian Ocean zone in the middle and lower stream of Irrawaddy River were great. Precious metal including amber, ruby, gold, silver and jade were usually supplied by or through Mongmit(猛養) and Mongin(猛養). Irrawaddy River and Salween River connected Myanmar to the Indian Ocean, and Hushi in the north area of Myanmar was also expanded further through distribution of goods at the Indian Ocean trade network.

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