조선의 對淸關係 認識과 外交體系 ― 조선후기 외교문서의 정리를 중심으로 ―

Abstract

The relation of Joseon and China was prescribed as the tributary system(朝貢體制), i.e., the international system of the formal investiture(冊封) and tributary(朝貢). The diplomacy activity was carried out in the international order of the tributary system than the format to the direction to pursue the nation profit. Joseon and China tied the diplomacy relation through the diplomacy system of the sahaeng(使行) and envoy reception(使臣接待). Joseon arranged the experience systematically when various diplomatic affairs happened. The experience was grasped systematically through the arranging of the diplomatic documents. The arranging method of the diplomatic documents was the recognition about China's diplomacy relation of Joseon and was the confrontation strategy. The preservation was done by the form of registration, since it was impossible that all the documents were preserved. A few forms were organized, such as Imun(吏文) in the early of Joseon, Seungmunwon deungnok(承文院謄錄=槐院謄錄) in the 15-16th century, and Tongmunhwigo(同文彙考) in the late Joseon period. While these documents were the original copies, they have historical importance in terms of summarizing the foreign affairs. Tongmunhwigo was compiled on the basis that the affair would be happened in the future. If political motives are only taken into account, foreign relations boil down to doing what is most profitable for one’s own country. These items which was gathered in Tongmunhwigo was as follows. 'Bongjun(封典)', 'Aelye(哀禮)', 'Jinha(進賀)', 'Jinwy(陳慰-進香)', 'Munan(問安)', 'Jŏlsa(節使-歲幣-方物)', 'Jinju(陳奏-辨誣-討逆)', 'Pyojeonsik(表箋式)', 'Chunggu(請求)', 'Sugjae(錫賚)', 'Gyeonpye(蠲弊)', 'Chikyou(飭諭)', 'Yeokseo(曆書)', 'Irwolsik(日月食)', 'Gyoyeok(交易)', 'Ganggye(疆界)', 'Beomwol(犯越)', 'Beomgeum(犯禁)', 'Swaewhan(刷還)', 'Pyomin(漂民)', 'Chujing(推徵)', 'Gunmu(軍務)', 'Buhyur(賻恤)', 'Waejeong(倭情)', 'Jabryeng(雜令)', etc., Tongmunhwigo has the criteria for the organizing and arranging the diplomatic documents. In detail, we can distinguish 'necessary diplomacy class' between 'practical diplomacy class'. 'Necessary diplomacy class' is regular one and is containing the character of internal political affairs and is same kind of 'Bongjun', 'Aelye', and 'Jinha' etc. 'Practical diplomacy class' is arrangement of the diplomatic affairs that happened irregularly in the international relations and has same kind of 'Jinju', 'Chunggu', and 'Ganggye' etc. The three periodization is possible if it distinguishes the Joseon and China relation based on the arrangement of a diplomatic documents of Joseon. The three periodization was from king Injo to the early Sukjong period, from Sukjong to the Chŏngjo period, and from the late Chŏngjo to the opening ports period. In the first period, Joseon was classed at the tributary system when Qing became the center of that system after the Pyŏngja horan(丙子胡亂). Qing executed a strong foreign policy to make international topology about Joseon. Joseon acknowledged Qing as a big power, sadae foreign policy of ‘serving the great’ towards Qing and reserved the safety guarantee of Joseon. But hostile feeling about Qing was high and executed the expedition to conquer north policy to the domestic of Joseon. In the second period, Joseon recognized the diplomatic matters about an every kind diplomatic affairs and acknowledged the tributary system which Qing became the center and confronted systematically. Joseon executed the collection of the diplomacy information, the analysis of a foreign diplomacy situation, the decision of the diplomacy policy, the store of the diplomacy document, etc, had the system of efficient diplomacy systematically.