三足烏ㆍ朱雀ㆍ鳳凰ㆍ圖像의 성립과 친연성 고찰

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between the auspicious birds like three legged crow(三足烏) accompanying Ilsangmun (solar patterns), and Jujak and Bonghwang appearing in literature and relics. To this end, the author examined the background, characteristics and transitions of three legged crow(三足烏), Jujak and Bonghwang, and the affinity among them. As for three legged crow(三足烏), the author took 'Oh (烏)' in three legged crow(三足烏) to mean a generic term for 'black bird,' not a only crow, and inquired into the concept of Hyeonjo(玄鳥) and the background of the appearance of Hyeonjo's Ilsangmun. As a result, it was revealed that Hyeonjo(玄鳥) includes cranes and ducks in addition to crows, eagles, falcons, magpies and swallows that are black, and it means a 'solar bird' or a 'sky bird' that has attributes as a messenger of heavenly gods different than ordinary birds. For this reason, Ilsangmun(日象文) contains cranes and ducks, which are migratory birds and waterfowls, in addition to birds of prey such as crows, and showed an auspicious bird resembling a chicken by linking the chicken heralding sunrise to the sun worship. In the meantime, three legged crow(三足烏), a Hyeonjo(玄鳥), was represented in Ilsangmun(日象文) as a result of the combined action of the Dongyi race's Hyeonjo(玄鳥) worship interconnected with North Asia's sky burial, the myths such as the 'ten suns and General Ye' making it possible to understand the relationship among the Sun, Hyeonjo(玄鳥) and Dongyi, the activity of sun spots, and the perception of the Sun representing the heaven [the blackness of the heaven is represented as Hyeonjo(玄鳥) just as Cheonjamun (thousand-character text, 千字文) says ‘Heaven is black and earth is yellow’]. Jujak(朱雀), representing fire as the guardian deity of the South among the Four Deities (四神), has the iconic characteristics of the rooster's crest and the splendid feathers of a peacock's tail, and unlike three legged crow(三足烏) appearing singly in Ilsangmun(日象文), they are drawn as a couple and have two legs. In that the Sin and fire commonly represent light and heat, however, Jujak(朱雀), a fire bird, and three legged crow(三足烏), a sun bird, are understood as auspicious birds with similar characters. In Jujak(朱雀), auspicious birds, reminding one of birds of prey, waterfowls and chickens appearing in Ilsangmun(日象文), are depicted, and these birds have three legs. Three legged crow(三足烏) icon and Jujak(朱雀) icon have an affinity with each other. It seems because three legged crow(三足烏) changed into Jujak(朱雀) as the concept of Four Deities was formed under the influence of the Yin-Yang School, and Jujak(朱雀) began to represent fire and established itself as the guardian deity of the South. Bonghwang(鳳凰), representing a wind bird and a bird of light, has the characteristics of both the bird of prey and the chicken that can be found in three legged crow(三足烏) and Jujak(朱雀) icons. Sharp eyes and beaks, the characteristics of birds of prey, can be found in Bonghwang(鳳凰) because Bonghwang(鳳凰), a bird of light, is an auspicious bird that the same characteristics as three legged crow(三足烏), a bird of the Sun. Also, the fact that Bonghwang(鳳凰) reflects the image of Jujak (朱雀) symbolizing fire says that both Jujak (朱雀)and Bonghwang(鳳凰) are auspicious birds as the literature says “Bong (鳳) is a fire bird," and “Hwari (火離) is Bonghwang.” As a result, this study revealed that three legged crow(三足烏), Jujkak(朱雀), and Bonghwang(鳳凰) are auspicious birds with similar attributes, and that three legged crow(三足烏) changed into Jujak(朱雀) and Bonghwang(鳳凰).